{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:45:28Z","timestamp":1790541928338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Successful pancreas or islet transplantation is currently the only cure for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Since the first pancreas transplant in 1966, there have been various refinements of surgical technique along with improved immunosuppressive regimens, resulting in significantly improved outcomes, with contemporary research into graft monitoring and newer biomarkers, potentially lengthening graft survival rates further. Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who are eligible for pancreas or islet transplantation represent a select group, the tip of the iceberg for a significant global diabetes disease burden. In the last 50 years, there have been quantum advances in alternative technologies in diabetes therapy, both experimental and translational. Further development and improved access are required to treat the larger proportion of people suffering from diabetes. Emerging stem cell therapy is still experimental whereas alternatives including automated insulin delivery systems and islet cell transplantation are already used in some countries. Whilst automated insulin delivery systems have increased in efficacy, they still do not achieve the near physiological control of blood sugar, which can be achieved by successful pancreas or islet transplantation. This state-of-the-art review provides a summary of pancreas and islet transplantation to its current place in diabetes therapy, along with alternative and future therapies, including the obstacles associated with the dissemination of these new therapies. With the advent of these modern cellular and technological advances, this review addresses the question: are we entering an era where whole organ pancreas transplantation could be replaced entirely by modern technological advances in diabetes therapy?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T13:23:32Z","timestamp":1679059412000},"page":"R73-R87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pancreas transplantation today: quo vadis?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman O","family":"Al-Naseem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University , CZ-121 08 Prague 2 , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Reda","family":"Gonnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GE , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5904-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz O A S","family":"Al-Naseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry V M","family":"Spiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge CB2 0QQ , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0QQ , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5961-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Gruessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Downstate Health Science University , Brooklyn, NY, 11203 , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9602-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lalantha","family":"Leelarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester M13 9WL , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6076-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hood","family":"Thabit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester M13 9WL , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7391-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titus","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Manchester Centre for Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary , Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust M13 9WL, Manchester , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10138","key":"2023041311281293800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"DiMeglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041311281293800_","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes 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