{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:58:29Z","timestamp":1783699109533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008276","name":"Skibsreder Per Henriksen, R. and Hustrus Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Novo Nordic"},{"name":"Novo Nordic"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007505","name":"Kirsten and Freddy Johansen\u2019s Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014382","name":"Ipsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Recordati"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007460","name":"Arvid Nilsson\u2019s Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessment of posttraumatic hypothalamic\u2013pituitary dysfunctions is expected to be the most relevant assessment to offer patients with severe intracranial affection. In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence of hypopituitarism in patients with severe acquired traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with nontraumatic brain injury (NTBI) and to relate pituitary insufficiency to functional and patient-reported outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included patients admitted for inpatient neurorehabilitation after severe TBI (N = 42) and NTBI (N = 18). The patients underwent a pituitary function assessment at a mean of 2.4 years after the injury. Functional outcome was assessed by using Functional Independence Measure and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (both 1 year after discharge from neurorehabilitation) and patient-reported outcome was assessed by using Multiple Fatigue Inventory-20 and EQ-5D-3L.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hypopituitarism was reported in 10\/42 (24%) patients with TBI and 7\/18 (39%) patients with NTBI (P = .23). Insufficiencies affected 1 axis in 14\/17 (82%) patients (13 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and 1 growth hormone [GH] deficiency) and 2 axes in 3\/17 (18%) patients (1 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and GH deficiency, and 2 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and arginin vasopressin deficiency). None had central hypoadrenalism or central hypothyroidism. In patients with both TBI and NTBI, pituitary status was unrelated to functioning and ability scores at 1 year and to patient-reported outcome scores at a mean of 2.4 years after the injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with severe acquired brain injury may develop long-term hypothalamus\u2013pituitary insufficiency, with an equal occurrence in patients with TBI and NTBI. In both types of patients, mainly isolated deficiencies, most commonly affecting the gonadal axis, were seen. Insufficiencies were unrelated to functional outcomes and patient-reported outcomes, probably reflecting the complexity and heterogeneous manifestations in both patient groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T06:14:45Z","timestamp":1714371285000},"page":"382-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-term pituitary function and functional and patient-reported outcomes in severe acquired brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Djordje","family":"Marina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism PE2131, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulla","family":"Feldt-Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism PE2131, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Klose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism PE2131, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3352","article-title":"Long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury: current status of potential mechanisms of injury and neurological outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Bramlett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.5024","article-title":"Head injury and long-term mortality risk in community-dwelling adults","volume":"80","author":"Elser","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"21","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052686","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction: focus of traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Mele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00958-8","article-title":"Pituitary pathology in traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"22","author":"Sav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00953-z","article-title":"The role of autoimmunity in pituitary dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"De Bellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00961-z","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and resultant pituitary dysfunction: insights from experimental animal models","volume":"22","author":"Vennekens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5751","article-title":"Sports-related repetitive traumatic brain injury: a novel cause of pituitary dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Sezgin Caglar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30118-7","article-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury: targeted management in the intensive care unit","volume":"16","author":"Stocchetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092167","article-title":"Understanding acquired brain injury: a review","volume":"10","author":"Goldman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14567.DSCR","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Tritos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R217","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0962","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: neuroendocrine surveillance and management of neurosurgical patients","volume":"176","author":"Garrahy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.103","article-title":"Chronic endocrine consequences of traumatic brain injury\u2014what is the evidence?","volume":"14","author":"Klose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1152","article-title":"Early endocrine alterations reflect prolonged stress and relate to 1-year functional outcome in patients with severe brain injury","volume":"172","author":"Marina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000491388","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Persani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01967","article-title":"The cut-off limits of the GH response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine test related to body mass index","volume":"153","author":"Corneli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1069","article-title":"Patient reported outcome in posttraumatic pituitary deficiency: results from The Danish National Study on posttraumatic hypopituitarism","volume":"172","author":"Klose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"EuroQol\u2014a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"EuroQol Group","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-O","article-title":"The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue","volume":"39","author":"Smets","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E740","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207501","article-title":"Long-term multidomain patterns of change after traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI LONG study","volume":"101","author":"Brett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5299","article-title":"Trajectory of functional independent measurements during first five years after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"15","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159612","article-title":"Changes in long-term functional independence in patients with moderate and severe ischemic stroke: comparison of the responsiveness of the modified Barthel index and the functional independence measure","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04308-z","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in stroke survivors: a 5-year follow-up of The Fall Study of Gothenburg (FallsGOT)","volume":"23","author":"Segerdahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.01.008","article-title":"Pain, depression, and fatigue in community-dwelling adults with and without a history of cancer","volume":"32","author":"Reyes-Gibby","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30082-4","article-title":"Long-term health-related quality of life after trauma with and without traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/026990598122467","article-title":"Are the subjective complaints of traumatically brain injured patients reliable?","volume":"12","author":"Sbordone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1803426","article-title":"The predictors of proxy- and self-reported quality of life among individuals with acquired brain injury","volume":"44","author":"Aza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7265","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone on neuropsychological outcomes and quality of life of patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Szarka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1253","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on cognition after traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"High","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00520","article-title":"Phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) during rehabilitation from traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Dubiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0491","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the Macimorelin test for diagnosis of AGHD","volume":"10","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2007.19.4.363","article-title":"The neuroendocrine effects of traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Rothman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"14","key":"2024053109214310400_lvae047-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6266","article-title":"Testosterone administration after traumatic brain injury reduces mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration","volume":"36","author":"Carteri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae047\/57350331\/lvae047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/190\/5\/382\/57806911\/lvae047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/190\/5\/382\/57806911\/lvae047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T19:56:23Z","timestamp":1717185383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/190\/5\/382\/7659494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]}}}