{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:03:16Z","timestamp":1791219796368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007175","name":"National Council for Scientific","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007175","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technological Development","award":["INCT\/CNPq 465482\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INCT\/CNPq 465482\/2014-7"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004263","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grande do Sul","award":["INCT\/FAPERGS 17\/2551-0000519-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INCT\/FAPERGS 17\/2551-0000519-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite regular gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), the presence of uterine bleeding can occur occasionally and cause profound discomfort. This study aimed to evaluate the histologic features and immunohistochemical expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and androgen receptors (AR) in the endometrium and myometrium of transgender men receiving testosterone therapy and relate them to clinical and hormonal characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-four transgender men undergoing gender-affirming surgery were included. Clinical, sociodemographic, and laboratory data as well as anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The participants\u2019 mean age was 42.35 (SD, 10.00) years, and body mass index was 28.16 (SD, 5.52) kg\/m2. The mean GAHT duration before surgery was 5.36 (SD, 3.24) years. The mean testosterone levels were 814.98 (SD, 407.13) ng\/dL, and estradiol levels were 55.22 (SD, 25.27) pg\/mL. The endometrium was atrophic in 61.8%, proliferative in 17.6%, and secretory in 20.6%. Immunohistochemical receptor analysis revealed that endometrial epithelial cells expressed ER (90%) and PR (80%), with a lower expression of AR (30%). In stromal tissue, the median ER, PR, and AR expression was lower than that in the epithelium (60%, 70%, and 25%, respectively). The myometrium showed high expression of PR (90%) and ER (70%), with the highest expression of AR (65%) being localized to this region.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the present study, GAHT induced an atrophic condition of the endometrium in two-thirds of the transgender men, with a limited AR expression in the endometrial region. The present results suggest that testosterone-based GAHT for a mean of 5 years is safe in transgender men achieving amenorrhea.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T10:00:03Z","timestamp":1721901603000},"page":"175-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Uterine changes in transgender men receiving testosterone therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Eliane Dias","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil"},{"name":"Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil"},{"name":"Transdisciplinary Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre 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