{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T14:03:29Z","timestamp":1773497009154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNF-162608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNF-162608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNF-181720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNF-181720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Differentiating between arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) and primary polydipsia (PP) requires a copeptin stimulation test. We aimed to characterize changes in apelin, an endogenous hormone antagonizing AVP, upon copeptin stimulation tests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Post hoc secondary analysis of a multi-centric cross-over diagnostic study (NCT03572166).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Outpatients included at the University Hospital Basel.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with AVP-D and PP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Copeptin stimulation tests with hypertonic saline and arginine infusion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The primary outcome was the absolute difference in apelin between baseline and peak of copeptin stimulation tests. Secondary objectives included the diagnostic ability of apelin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-eight patients were analysed, 23 (60%) had PP and 15 (40%) had AVP-D. No difference was seen between baseline median (IQR) apelin levels in PP and AVP-D (1079 [912, 1225] and 910 [756, 1039] pmol\/L, respectively). Upon hypertonic saline, apelin decreased by \u2212241 (\u2212326, \u2212124) pmol\/L in PP and \u221247.2 (\u2212198, 5.86) pmol\/L in AVP-D (P = .022). The area under the curve (AUC) to differentiate PP from AVP-D was 97.1% (95% CI, 90.5-100) for copeptin and 49.3% (95% CI, 30.4-68.1) for apelin (P &amp;lt; .001). Upon arginine, apelin decreased by \u221239.2 (\u221296.4, 39.8) pmol\/L in PP and increased by 25.8 (2.8, 113.0) pmol\/L in AVP-D (P = .1). The AUC was 97.1% (95% CI: 79.6-98.0) for copeptin and 60.5% (95% CI: 39.8-80.0) for apelin (P = .007).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that apelin decreases to a greater extent in PP compared with AVP-D upon copeptin stimulation tests. However, copeptin remains the best marker to differentiate AVP-D from PP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T19:28:20Z","timestamp":1729193300000},"page":"491-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Apelin levels in patients with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome upon copeptin stimulation tests"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7042-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Angela","family":"Bizzozero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel , Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel , Basel 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