{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:03:35Z","timestamp":1791374615963,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute of Health Research, UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital Charity","award":["Project Grant SRP004.24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project Grant SRP004.24"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209492\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209492\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UP 1605\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UP 1605\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Premature adrenarche (PA), characterised by pre-pubertal adrenal androgen excess and hyperandrogenic symptoms, is considered a forerunner of polycystic ovary syndrome, which comes with increased metabolic risk. Here, we aimed to systematically evaluate the evidence on surrogate parameters of metabolic risk in children with PA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched major databases (1990-March 2025) for studies on PA in children analysing body composition and markers of glucose and lipid metabolism. Two reviewers independently selected studies, collected data, and appraised study quality. Results were standardised, tabulated, and pooled for meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-five case-control studies reported on 694 children with PA and 567 healthy controls (boys and girls). Height standard deviation score (SDS), weight SDS, and body mass index SDS were significantly higher in PA than in controls. Children with PA also presented with higher fasting insulin (FI) levels than controls (MD: 15.04, 95% CI: 5.27-24.81\u2005pmol\/L; I2 = 91%). These findings persisted after sensitivity analysis for gender and risk of bias assessment. Other markers of metabolic risk, such as fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, mean serum glucose and insulin during the oral glucose tolerance test, and fasting lipids, did not differ between children with PA and controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children with PA are taller, heavier, and have higher FI levels than their healthy peers at presentation. We observed significant heterogeneity of reported outcomes with generally small participant numbers in the included studies. Large-scale studies with comprehensive, unified assessment and long-term follow-up are needed to explore the extent of metabolic dysfunction that may develop over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T06:46:21Z","timestamp":1756536381000},"page":"S1-S14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Premature adrenarche and metabolic risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Wogud","family":"Ben Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, B4 6NH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Women's Metabolic Health Theme, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis G","family":"Lempesis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fernandez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Women's Metabolic Health Theme, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakila","family":"Thangaratinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L7 8TX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Liverpool, Liverpool, L8 7SS ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"NIHR Northwest Coast Applied Research Collaboration, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L7 8TX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5106-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiebke","family":"Arlt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratory of Medical Sciences , London, W12 0HS ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Idkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, B4 6NH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Women's Metabolic Health Theme, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab009","article-title":"Normal and premature adrenarche","volume":"42","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0223","article-title":"Premature adrenarche: novel lessons from early onset androgen excess","volume":"165","author":"Idkowiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol Suppl"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000369458","article-title":"Premature adrenarche \u2013 a common condition with variable presentation","volume":"83","author":"Utriainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Res P\u00e6diatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0367","article-title":"Continuum of phenotypes and sympathoadrenal function in premature adrenarche","volume":"160","author":"Utriainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2012","article-title":"Clinical review: identifying children at risk for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01874.x","article-title":"Exaggerated adrenarche\u2019 in children presenting with premature adrenarche","volume":"42","author":"Likitmaskul","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09798.x","article-title":"Benign premature adrenarche: clinical features and serum steroid levels","volume":"72","author":"Voutilainen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2049","article-title":"The presentation of adrenarche is sexually dimorphic and modified by body adiposity","volume":"99","author":"Mantyselka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae008","article-title":"Update on adrenarche\u2014still a mystery","volume":"109","author":"Augsburger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-008-9096-y","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of premature pubarche: links to metabolic syndrome and ovarian hyperandrogenism","volume":"10","author":"Ibanez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1329","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0666-1","article-title":"Prenatal androgen exposure and transgenerational susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Risal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.2.7852529","article-title":"Decreased insulin sensitivity in prepubertal girls with premature adrenarche and acanthosis nigricans","volume":"80","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3211-1","article-title":"Body mass index at the presentation of premature adrenarche is associated with components of metabolic syndrome at puberty","volume":"177","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00193","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk profile among young adult females with a history of premature adrenarche","volume":"3","author":"Liimatta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.3.8772605","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia in postpubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche and functional ovarian hyperandrogenism","volume":"81","author":"Ibanez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.7.4084","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 are common features in prepubertal and pubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche","volume":"82","author":"Ibanez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051030","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipaemia and cardiovascular risk in girls with a history of premature pubarche","volume":"41","author":"Ibanez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000452445","article-title":"The association between premature adrenarche and cardiovascular risk may be greater than expected","volume":"87","author":"Celik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"issue":"43","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201012164726","article-title":"Premature adrenarche and its association with cardiovascular risk in females","volume":"26","author":"Livadas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200x.2004.02006.x","article-title":"Is premature adrenarche a risk factor for atherogenesis?","volume":"47","author":"Guven","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.76.6.8501168","article-title":"Postpubertal outcome in girls diagnosed of premature pubarche during childhood: increased frequency of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism","volume":"76","author":"Ibanez","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.8.5883","article-title":"Anovulation after precocious pubarche: early markers and time course in adolescence","volume":"84","author":"Ibanez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Europ J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14662","article-title":"Pelvic and breast ultrasound abnormalities and associated metabolic disturbances in girls with premature pubarche due to adrenarche","volume":"96","author":"Aydin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa598","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa598","article-title":"Premature adrenarche in girls characterized by enhanced 17,20-lyase and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities","volume":"105","author":"Janner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.1525","article-title":"Higher body fat and lower fat-free mass in girls with premature adrenarche","volume":"7","author":"Cebeci","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2009.22.4.301","article-title":"Body composition in premature adrenarche by structural MRI, 1H MRS and DXA","volume":"22","author":"Leibel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01210.x","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) levels in girls with premature adrenarche","volume":"44","author":"Andiran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B30","first-page":"165","article-title":"Evaluation of insulin resistance in Turkish girls with premature pubarche using the homeostasis assessment (HOMA) model","volume":"49","author":"Evliyaoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2005.18.8.785","article-title":"Are growth factors and leptin involved in the pathogenesis of premature adrenarche in girls?","volume":"18","author":"Guven","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.10.1393","article-title":"Serum leptin levels in premature pubarche and prepubertal girls with and without obesity","volume":"17","author":"Teixeira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01728.x","article-title":"Fat distribution in non-obese girls with and without precocious pubarche: central adiposity related to insulinaemia and androgenaemia from prepuberty to postmenarche","volume":"58","author":"Ibanez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8143","article-title":"Elevated free IGF-I levels in prepubertal Hispanic girls with premature adrenarche: relationship with hyperandrogenism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"87","author":"Silfen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-14927","article-title":"Circulating plasma leptin and IGF-1 levels in girls with premature adrenarche: potential implications of a preliminary study","volume":"33","author":"Cizza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5604","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020896","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and the insulin-like growth factor system in prepubertal boys with premature adrenarche","volume":"87","author":"Denburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000023377","article-title":"Pronounced adrenarche and precocious pubarche in boys","volume":"51","author":"Potau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Horm Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2021-0160","article-title":"Evaluation of metabolic parameters and aortic elasticity in normotensive children with premature adrenarche","volume":"34","author":"Topaktas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1159\/000513236","article-title":"The unique role of 11-oxygenated C19 steroids in both premature adrenarche and premature pubarche","volume":"93","author":"Wise-Oringer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Res P\u00e6diatr"},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.058","article-title":"Early adiposity rebound and premature adrenarche","volume":"186","author":"Marakaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000441498","article-title":"The relationship of metabolic syndrome and body composition in children with premature adrenarche: is it age related?","volume":"84","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Res P\u00e6diatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.03.025","article-title":"Genetic variation of FTO and TCF7L2 in premature adrenarche","volume":"58","author":"Lappalainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0315","article-title":"Body composition and bone mineral density in children with premature adrenarche and the association of LRP5 gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density","volume":"94","author":"Utriainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2412","article-title":"Childhood metabolic syndrome and its components in premature adrenarche","volume":"92","author":"Utriainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.01.010","article-title":"Evidence of metabolic syndrome in lean children with premature pubarche at diagnosis","volume":"57","author":"Mathew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.02.006","article-title":"Adolescent PCOS: a postpubertal central obesity syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Ibanez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B47","first-page":"119","article-title":"Demographic, clinical, hormonal and genetic characteristics of children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"95","author":"Kendirci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Res P\u00e6diatr"},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B48","first-page":"141","article-title":"Girls with premature adrenarche but not SGA reach their target height","volume":"96","author":"Aydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0854","article-title":"Causes, patterns and severity of androgen excess in 487 consecutively recruited pre- and post-pubertal children","volume":"180","author":"Idkowiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000088791","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of the growth plate","volume":"64","author":"Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm Res."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2018.01.005","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone and bone","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922812456238","article-title":"Clinical presentation of children with premature adrenarche","volume":"51","author":"von Oettingen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0283","article-title":"In children with premature adrenarche, bone age advancement by 2 or more years is common and generally benign","volume":"26","author":"DeSalvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852422","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.852422","article-title":"Adult height in girls with idiopathic premature adrenarche: a cohort study and design of a predictive model","volume":"13","author":"Mejorado-Molano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2583","article-title":"Prepubertal adrenarchal androgens and animal protein intake independently and differentially influence pubertal timing","volume":"95","author":"Remer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0438","article-title":"Androgens before and after weight loss in obese children","volume":"90","author":"Reinehr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.01.009","article-title":"Dissociation of ACTH and glucocorticoids","volume":"19","author":"Bornstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.4.7402","article-title":"Effect of leptin on CYP17 enzymatic activities in human adrenal cells: new insight in the onset of adrenarche","volume":"141","author":"Biason-Lauber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i5.616","article-title":"Role of insulin and insulin resistance in androgen excess disorders","volume":"12","author":"Unluhizarci","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0013","article-title":"Metformin treatment for four years to reduce total and visceral fat in low birth weight girls with precocious pubarche","volume":"93","author":"Ibanez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.07.003","article-title":"Abdominal adiposity and the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042018820934319","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018820934319","article-title":"Implicating androgen excess in propagating metabolic disease in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Kempegowda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00947","article-title":"AKR1C3-Mediated adipose androgen generation drives lipotoxicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"102","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03719-y","article-title":"Twenty-year trend in the prevalence of increased cardiometabolic risk, measured by abdominal obesity, among Spanish children and adolescents across body mass index categories","volume":"22","author":"Schroder","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2725","article-title":"Abdominal fat quantity and distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and extent of its relation to insulin resistance","volume":"92","author":"Carmina","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.010","article-title":"Body composition and bone mineral density by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: reference values for young children","volume":"41","author":"van Beijsterveldt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v1.i2.36","article-title":"Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: a review","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061524","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1061524","article-title":"An update of the consensus statement on insulin resistance in children 2010","volume":"13","author":"Tagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1376","article-title":"Measurement of insulin sensitivity in children: comparison between the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and surrogate measures","volume":"31","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0109-z","article-title":"Ethnic differences in beta cell adaptation to insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents","volume":"49","author":"Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-8-2","article-title":"Ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk profile in an overweight\/obese paediatric cohort in The Netherlands: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"van Vliet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00291","article-title":"Girls with a history of premature adrenarche have advanced growth and pubertal development at the age of 12 years","volume":"8","author":"Liimatta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2019.02.009","article-title":"Clinical practice recommendations for pediatric dyslipidemia","volume":"33","author":"Elkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2019.05.003","article-title":"Dyslipidemia involvement in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00323-6","article-title":"Pathophysiological effects of androgens on the female vascular system","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R98","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad047","article-title":"The clinical and biochemical significance of 11-oxygenated androgens in human health and disease","volume":"188","author":"Storbeck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00262","article-title":"Steroid metabolome analysis in disorders of adrenal steroid biosynthesis and metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Storbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"2025083002461716500_lvaf167-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00736","article-title":"11-Ketotestosterone is the dominant circulating bioactive androgen during normal and premature adrenarche","volume":"103","author":"Rege","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/193\/3\/S1\/64164688\/lvaf167.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/193\/3\/S1\/64164688\/lvaf167.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T06:46:24Z","timestamp":1756536384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/193\/3\/S1\/8244424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf167","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}