{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:22:32Z","timestamp":1777029752759,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["058738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["058738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Research Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study is to identify social\/metabolic risk factors associated with subsequent diagnosis of adrenal adenoma<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The design is a population-based historical case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cases were adult patients diagnosed with an adrenal adenoma between 2005 and 2017 with no overt hormone excess. Controls were age- and sex-matched individuals with (1) no diagnosis of adrenal adenoma and (2) no diagnosis of adrenal adenoma with cross-sectional imaging of the chest\/abdomen performed within 5 years prior to index date. The frequency of various social\/metabolic risk factors present 5-10 years prior to index date and odds ratios (ORs) for adrenal adenoma diagnosis were reported.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six hundred seventy cases identified (median age 63 years old, 56% women). During the 5-10 years prior to index date, patients with adrenal adenomas had higher prevalence of obesity (56.7% vs 49.3%, P = .007), low socioeconomic status (36.7% vs 31.1%, P = .039), tobacco use (70.2% vs 61.4%, P = .001), and diabetes (17.5% vs 11.7%, P = .003) compared to controls with prior imaging. No difference in prevalence of hypertension, substance use, chronic kidney disease, or combined cardiovascular events was observed. Based on a multivariable analysis, increased body mass index (BMI) and tobacco use were associated with increased odds of adrenal adenoma diagnosis with ORs 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.32) and 1.41 (95% CI 1.06-1.87), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to controls with prior imaging, patients with adrenal adenoma had higher prevalence of obesity, low socioeconomic status, tobacco use, and diabetes 5-10 years prior to index date. In particular, increased BMI and tobacco use were independent risk factors associated with increased odds of adrenal adenoma diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T18:18:22Z","timestamp":1757441902000},"page":"383-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identifying factors associated with subsequent diagnosis of adrenal adenoma: a population-based historical case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9303-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley J","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara J","family":"Achenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1191-3775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth J","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9332-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Bancos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905, United States"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B1","volume-title":"Adrenal Adenoma","author":"Mahmood","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490273","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"149","author":"Barzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e973","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz284","article-title":"Adrenal incidentalomas are tied to increased risk of diabetes: findings from a prospective study","volume":"105","author":"Reimondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E419","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1885","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway activation in adrenocortical adenomas is frequently due to somatic CTNNB1-activating mutations, which are associated with larger and nonsecreting tumors: a study in cortisol-secreting and -nonsecreting tumors","volume":"96","author":"Bonnet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6186","key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252328","article-title":"Recurrent somatic mutations underlie corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"344","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1586","article-title":"Genetic landscape of sporadic unilateral adrenocortical adenomas without PRKACA p.Leu206Arg mutation","volume":"101","author":"Ronchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-16-4-460","article-title":"Incidentally discovered adrenal masses","volume":"16","author":"Kloos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092309064879100_lvaf184-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6372","article-title":"A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. 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