{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:23:08Z","timestamp":1792794188204,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"AIRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG 2022-27540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG 2022-27540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Progetti di Ricerca di Interesse Nazionale","award":["2022CZR88M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CZR88M"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health to Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0053ctp29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNETs) represent one of the most common and heterogenous sellar pathology, and are nowadays still orphan of an effective pharmacological therapy that could substitute surgery or support in case of persistency\/recurrence. In fact, despite NF-PitNETs are generally benign tumors, they can be characterized by supra- or extra-sellar growth with invasion of the cavernous sinus and\/or involvement of the optical chiasm. For these reasons, lots of studies tried to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and tumoral cells growth, so as to identify new possible therapeutic targets and novel drugs that could improve NF-PitNETs treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review aims to summarize the new biological targets and therapeutic strategies that have been proposed so far, trying to give rise to novel approaches and paving the way for personalized strategies for patients harboring NF-PitNETs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In addition, further studies related to the complex mechanisms involved in NF-PitNETs resistance to the available therapies could provide the basis for the development of both prognostic biomarkers useful for patients\u2019 management and novel targets for the pharmacological treatment of these tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:49:39Z","timestamp":1770814179000},"page":"R37-R48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biological targets and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of non-functioning pituitary tumors: state-of-the-art"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2758-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Mangili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Treppiedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genesio","family":"Di Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Department of Excellence 2023-2027, University of Milan , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Panseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Department of Excellence 2023-2027, University of Milan , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bosoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Department of Excellence 2023-2027, University of Milan , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Peverelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Department of Excellence 2023-2027, University of Milan , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9065-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Department of Excellence 2023-2027, University of Milan , 20122, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C5","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0004","article-title":"From pituitary adenoma to pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET): an international pituitary pathology club proposal","volume":"24","author":"Asa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230021","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-23-0021","article-title":"The World Health Organization classifications of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours: a clinico-pathological appraisal","volume":"30","author":"Villa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2362","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf112","article-title":"Cell lineage-specific differences in clinical behavior of non-functioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"110","author":"van der Hoeven","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36708","article-title":"Gonadotropinomas","volume":"20","author":"Chaidarun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02356-9","article-title":"Excess mortality in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Bioletto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189","article-title":"Dopamine receptors: from structure to function","volume":"78","author":"Missale","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222319599","article-title":"Control of lactotrop proliferation by dopamine: essential role of signaling through D2 receptors and ERKs","volume":"99","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.6.6.1323056","article-title":"Structural subtypes of the dopamine D2 receptor are functionally distinct: expression of the cloned D2A and D2B subtypes in a heterologous cell line","volume":"6","author":"Hayes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31628-9","article-title":"The D2 dopamine receptor isoforms signal through distinct Gi alpha proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. A study with site-directed mutant Gi alpha proteins","volume":"269","author":"Senogles","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30613","article-title":"Dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists are effective in inhibiting proliferation of progenitor\/stem-like cells isolated from nonfunctioning pituitary tumors","volume":"140","author":"Peverelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1159\/000509219","article-title":"Beta-arrestin 2 is required for dopamine receptor type 2 inhibitory effects on AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation in pituitary tumors","volume":"111","author":"Mangili","year":". 2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.08.005","article-title":"Dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) inhibits migration and invasion of human tumorous pituitary cells through ROCK-mediated cofilin inactivation","volume":"381","author":"Peverelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.06.034","article-title":"The dopamine-somatostatin chimeric compound BIM-23A760 exerts antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in human non-functioning pituitary tumors by activating ERK1\/2 and p38 pathways","volume":"288","author":"Peverelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13672-9","article-title":"Cloning and expression of a human somatostatin-14-selective receptor variant (somatostatin receptor 4) located on chromosome 20","volume":"43","author":"Demchyshyn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10566-X","article-title":"Development and use of a receptor antibody to characterize the interaction between somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and G proteins","volume":"48","author":"Gu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G739","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1995.268.5.G739","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor subtype 3 mediates the inhibitory action of somatostatin on gastric smooth muscle cells","volume":"268","author":"Gu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.5.9926","article-title":"Coupling specificity between somatostatin receptor sst2A and G proteins: isolation of the receptor-G protein complex with a receptor antibody","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702401","article-title":"Activation of adenylate cyclase by human recombinant sst5 receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells and involvement of galphas proteins","volume":"126","author":"Carruthers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00514-0","article-title":"Drug resistance in pituitary tumours: from cell membrane to intracellular signalling","volume":"17","author":"Peverelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9093052","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of somatostatin and dopamine receptors gene expression levels in non-functioning pituitary tumors and association with clinical and molecular aggressiveness features","volume":"9","author":"Flores-Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Melmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2603","article-title":"Effective combination treatment with cabergoline and low-dose pegvisomant in active acromegaly: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"97","author":"Higham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2019.0023","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of high-dose long-acting repeatable octreotide as monotherapy or in combination with pegvisomant or cabergoline in patients with acromegaly not adequately controlled by conventional regimens: results of an open-label, multicentre study","volume":"70","author":"Colao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1048","article-title":"The treatment of Cushing's disease","volume":"36","author":"Pivonello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-008-9082-4","article-title":"Somatostatin and dopamine receptors as targets for medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome","volume":"10","author":"de Bruin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0380-1","article-title":"Cabergoline reduces cell viability in non functioning pituitary adenomas by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor secretion","volume":"16","author":"Gagliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123218","article-title":"A \u03b2-arrestin 2-biased dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) agonist is more efficacious than cabergoline in reducing cell proliferation in PRL-secreting but not in non-functioning pituitary tumor cells","volume":"15","author":"Di Muro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D11","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0344","article-title":"Cabergoline should be attempted in progressing non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma","volume":"185","author":"Greenman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0181","article-title":"Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"15","author":"Colao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030859","article-title":"Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment","volume":"89","author":"Pivonello","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00469","article-title":"Dopamine agonists for pituitary adenomas","volume":"9","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000505","article-title":"Cabergoline in the management of residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: a single-center, open-label, 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-022-01257-5","article-title":"Treatment of non-functioning pituitary adenoma with cabergoline: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Botelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0206","article-title":"Treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists","volume":"175","author":"Greenman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02295.x","article-title":"Postoperative treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists decreases tumour remnant growth","volume":"63","author":"Greenman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051682","article-title":"Somatostatin analogs in clinical practice: a review","volume":"21","author":"Gomes-Porras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-06-0026","article-title":"Pasireotide, a multiple somatostatin receptor subtypes ligand, reduces cell viability in non-functioning pituitary adenomas by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor secretion","volume":"14","author":"Zatelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1641","article-title":"Effect of everolimus on cell viability in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"95","author":"Zatelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B39"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100923","article-title":"Lanreotide versus placebo for tumour reduction in patients with a 68Ga-DOTATATE PET-positive, clinically non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma (GALANT study): a randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial with blinded outcome assessment","volume":"42","author":"Boertien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-4-850","article-title":"In vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in patients with functionless pituitary adenomas by means of a radioiodinated analog of somatostatin ([123I]SDZ 204-090)","volume":"73","author":"Faglia","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.79.5.7962337","article-title":"Preoperative octreotide treatment of growth hormone-secreting and clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas: effect on tumor volume and lack of correlation with immunohistochemistry and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy","volume":"79","author":"Pl\u00f6ckinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199710000-00005","article-title":"A prospective multicenter trial of octreotide in 24 patients with visual defects caused by nonfunctioning and gonadotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. French multicenter octreotide study group","volume":"41","author":"Warnet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343538","article-title":"The pituitary uptake of (111)In-DTPA-D-phe1-octreotide in the normal pituitary and in pituitary adenomas","volume":"22","author":"Colao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:20:3:279","article-title":"Somatostatin analogs in treatment of non-growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"20","author":"Colao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0370-8","article-title":"Treatment with octreotide LAR in clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma: results from a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Fusco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2011.568478","article-title":"Therapy of aggressive pituitary tumors","volume":"12","author":"Colao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmaco"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0271","article-title":"Efficacy of a dopamine-somatostatin chimeric molecule, BIM-23A760, in the control of cell growth from primary cultures of human non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a multi-center study","volume":"15","author":"Florio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42002","article-title":"BIM-23A760 influences key functional endpoints in pituitary adenomas and normal pituitaries: molecular mechanisms underlying the differential response in adenomas","volume":"7","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B50","first-page":"19","article-title":"Multimodal treatment of non-functional recidivant hypophyseal adenomas. A case report and literature review","volume":"60","author":"Balc\u00e1zar-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med UNAM"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21374","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313522200","article-title":"Differential beta-arrestin trafficking and endosomal sorting of somatostatin receptor subtypes","volume":"279","author":"Tulipano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0068","article-title":"The third intracellular loop of the human somatostatin receptor 5 is crucial for arrestin binding and receptor internalization after somatostatin stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Peverelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00368","article-title":"Single-molecule microscopy reveals dynamic FLNA interactions governing SSTR2 clustering and internalization","volume":"159","author":"Treppiedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1026-2","article-title":"Identification of human somatostatin receptor 2 domains involved in internalization and signaling in QGP-1 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell line","volume":"56","author":"Cambiaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1159\/000503791","article-title":"Cytoskeleton protein filamin A is required for efficient somatostatin receptor type 2 internalization and recycling through Rab5 and Rab4 sorting endosomes in tumor somatotroph cells","volume":"110","author":"Treppiedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"40","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37409","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106728200","article-title":"Differential regulation of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and beta-arrestins","volume":"276","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1672","article-title":"\u03b2-Arrestin 1 and 2 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression in pituitary adenomas: role in the regulation of response to somatostatin analogue treatment in patients with acromegaly","volume":"154","author":"Gatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3609","article-title":"Functions of cofilin in cell locomotion and invasion","volume":"14","author":"Bravo-Cordero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Bio"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000001912","article-title":"Dural invasion as a marker of aggressive pituitary adenomas","volume":"90","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101439","article-title":"Splicing machinery is dysregulated in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and is associated with aggressiveness features","volume":"11","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Borrego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2564","article-title":"Identification and characterization of two novel truncated but functional isoforms of the somatostatin receptor subtype 5 differentially present in pituitary tumors","volume":"94","author":"Dur\u00e1n-Prado","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2247","article-title":"A potential inhibitory role for the new truncated variant of somatostatin receptor 5, sst5TMD4, in pituitary adenomas poorly responsive to somatostatin analogs","volume":"95","author":"Dur\u00e1n-Prado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0003","article-title":"Protein western array analysis in human pituitary tumours: insights and limitations","volume":"15","author":"Ribeiro-Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.07.012","article-title":"Bradykinin B2 and dopamine D2 receptors form a functional dimer","volume":"1864","author":"Niewiarowska-Sendo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqae144","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae144","article-title":"B2R-D2R interaction in prolactinomas and nonfunctional adenomas: impact on dopamine resistance","volume":"165","author":"Abeledo-Machado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae130","article-title":"Targeting HTR2B suppresses nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma growth and sensitizes cabergoline treatment via inhibiting G\u03b1q\/PLC\/PKC\u03b3\/STAT3 axis","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.3149","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in non-functioning pituitary adenoma","volume":"72","author":"Rajani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01178-4","article-title":"MicroRNAs expression in pituitary tumors: differences related to functional status, pathological features, and clinical behavior","volume":"43","author":"Vicchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147405","article-title":"The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids","volume":"56","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-017-9794-9","article-title":"Novel biomarkers for non-functioning invasive pituitary adenomas were identified by using analysis of microRNAs expression profile","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2268-4129","article-title":"MiRNA signatures related to invasiveness and recurrence in patients with non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"132","author":"Nikolova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01851","article-title":"circOMA1-mediated miR-145-5p suppresses tumor growth of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas by targeting TPT1","volume":"104","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.40","article-title":"Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors","volume":"7","author":"Melmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3093-z","article-title":"Competing endogenous RNA interplay in cancer: mechanism, methodology, and perspectives","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna10020017","article-title":"Targeting MicroRNAs with small molecules","volume":"10","author":"Tadesse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac024","article-title":"Biological and therapeutic implications of the tumor microenvironment in pituitary adenomas","volume":"44","author":"Ilie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01321-y","article-title":"Intratumoural spatial distribution of S100B + folliculostellate cells is associated with proliferation and expression of FSH and ER\u03b1 in gonadotroph tumours","volume":"10","author":"Ilie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041012","article-title":"Gonadotroph tumors show subtype differences that might have implications for therapy","volume":"12","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0830-3","article-title":"Chemokines modulate the tumour microenvironment in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"7","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050695","article-title":"Analysis of tumor angiogenesis and immune microenvironment in non-functional pituitary endocrine tumors","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26775","article-title":"Stratifying nonfunctional pituitary adenomas into two groups distinguished by macrophage subtypes","volume":"10","author":"Yagnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa520","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa520","article-title":"Immune landscape of pituitary tumors reveals association between macrophages and gonadotroph tumor invasion","volume":"105","author":"Principe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.53749","article-title":"Lactate-induced M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages promotes the invasion of pituitary adenoma by secreting CCL17","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0418-8","article-title":"Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 as an invasiveness marker for pituitary null cell adenoma","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B85","first-page":"2635","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in human pituitary adenomas indicate a clinical course","volume":"35","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00007","article-title":"Molecular network basis of invasive pituitary adenoma: a review","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129213","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1129213","article-title":"Molecular characterization of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and medical treatment related-genes in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"14","author":"Gil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-019-9573-8","article-title":"PITX2 expression in non-functional pituitary neuroendocrine tumor with cavernous sinus invasion","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaf650","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf650","article-title":"Biomarkers driving precision medicine in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review of recent literature","author":"Haydar Ali Tajuddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.8.6754","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in pituitary tumor behavior","volume":"85","author":"Turner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-13-0172","article-title":"cAMP in the pituitary: an old messenger for multiple signals","volume":"52","author":"Peverelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133453","article-title":"Identification of a novel SSTR3 full agonist for the treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"15","author":"Modena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2016.1199687","article-title":"Current and future medical treatments for patients with acromegaly","volume":"17","author":"Maffezzoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmaco"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073606","article-title":"The novel SSTR3 agonist ITF2984 exerts antimitotic and proapoptotic effects in human non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PitNET) cells","volume":"25","author":"Di Muro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13123097","article-title":"Gender-specific efficacy revealed by head-to-head comparison of pasireotide and octreotide in a representative in vivo model of nonfunctioning pituitary tumors","volume":"13","author":"Gulde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09858-6","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of somatostatin analogues according to gender in patients with neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"25","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102710","article-title":"The effects of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy on the neoplastic and normal pituitary","volume":"15","author":"Marques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.00949","article-title":"Enhanced protein kinase B\/akt signalling in pituitary tumours","volume":"12","author":"Musat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1265","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 is overexpressed in human pituitary tumors: role in proliferation and survival","volume":"150","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2174\/138920311795659407","article-title":"Role of mTOR signaling in tumor cell motility, invasion and metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R331","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-14-0188","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in the pathophysiology and treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"21","author":"Monsalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0269","article-title":"Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors rapamycin and RAD001 (everolimus) induce anti-proliferative effects in GH-secreting pituitary tumor cells in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Gorshtein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0288","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/mTOR signaling displays potent antitumor efficacy against nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2951","article-title":"The somatostatin analogue octreotide confers sensitivity to rapamycin treatment on pituitary tumor cells","volume":"70","author":"Cerovac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1159\/000442205","article-title":"Combination of mTOR inhibitors augments potency while activating PI3K signaling in pituitary tumors","volume":"103","author":"Rubinfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867822","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.867822","article-title":"DRD2 agonist cabergoline abolished the Escape mechanism induced by mTOR inhibitor everolimus in tumoral pituitary cells","volume":"13","author":"Mangili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-2925","article-title":"mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt","volume":"66","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-011-0167-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of mTOR inhibitor resistance in cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Carew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Target Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.7.1355","article-title":"Combined biochemical and electron microscopic analyses reveal the architecture of the mammalian U2 snRNP","volume":"145","author":"Kr\u00e4mer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667327","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1667327","article-title":"Potential antitumoral effects of SRPK1 inhibition through modulation of VEGF splicing in pituitary somatotroph tumoral cells","volume":"16","author":"Treppiedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-22-0037","article-title":"Immunotherapy in aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Ilie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026030204014875100_lvag028-B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16173033","article-title":"Therapeutical usefulness of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors in aggressive or metastatic pituitary tumours","volume":"16","author":"Lopes-Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag028\/66892757\/lvag028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/194\/2\/R37\/66892757\/lvag028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/194\/2\/R37\/66892757\/lvag028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T09:01:54Z","timestamp":1772442114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/194\/2\/R37\/8482911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}