{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:05:59Z","timestamp":1780481159721,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007605","name":"Aarhus University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031879","name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007606","name":"Aarhus University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007469","name":"Alfred Benzon Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grant for Growth Innovation sponsored by Merck"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adipose tissue (AT) fibrosis impairs tissue function and is linked to obesity and insulin resistance. Acromegaly, caused by growth hormone excess, promotes lipolysis-driven insulin resistance and profound stimulation of collagen synthesis. It is unknown if this translates into excessive tissue fibrosis<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantification of collagen turnover and fibrosis in fat and muscle in patients with acromegaly before and after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two patient cohorts were examined before and after treatment. In cohort 1 (n = 17), AT collagen content and fibrosis- and inflammation-related gene expression were analyzed. In cohort 2 (n = 15), skeletal muscle collagen content, and serum fibroblast activation protein (FAP\u03b1) activity and levels were analyzed. Collagen turnover serum biomarkers were analyzed in both cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AT collagen content (%) decreased from 4.6 \u00b1 2.9 before to 2.1 \u00b1 1.2 after disease control (P &amp;lt; .05). AT type I and III collagen gene expression decreased by 53% and 39%, respectively, and correlated closely with disease activity. Muscle collagen content (relative units) decreased from 0.020 \u00b1 0.004 to 0.012 \u00b1 0.008 after disease control (P = .0460). FAP\u03b1 activity (RFU\/min) and levels (\u00b5g\/L) decreased following disease control (373 \u00b1 111 [before] vs 248 \u00b1 62 [after]; P &amp;lt; .0001, and 102 \u00b1 35 [before] vs 63 \u00b1 23 [after]; P &amp;lt; .001, respectively). In both cohorts, collagen turnover biomarkers declined after disease control. Inflammatory markers were unaffected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study reports for the first time that prolonged growth hormone excess induces reversible fibrosis in human adipose and muscle tissue. We hypothesize that fibrosis in acromegaly is mainly driven by a direct effect on collagen formation and likely not secondary to inflammation, which contrasts with obesity-driven AT fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT00647179; NCT03431727.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:49:03Z","timestamp":1770986943000},"page":"299-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Growth hormone causes reversible fibrosis in muscle and fat: a study in patients with acromegaly"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1500-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"B\u00e6k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Christiansen Arlien-S\u00f8borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Kathrine Nissen","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Dal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital , S\u00f8ndre Skovvej 15, Aalborg 9000 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Alle","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten Lyng","family":"H\u00f8gild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlene","family":"Berryman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , 191 W Union St, Athens, OH 45701 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine and Aging, Ohio University , 172 Water Tower Dr., Athens, OH 45701 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J","family":"Kopchick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , 191 W Union St, Athens, OH 45701 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine and Aging, Ohio University , 172 Water Tower Dr., Athens, OH 45701 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen B\u00f8nl\u00f8kke","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette","family":"Bjerre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Lebeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus C 8000 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus C 8000 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7408-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Otto Lunde","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Aarhus N 8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.06.016","article-title":"Fibrosis and adipose tissue dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01300-08","article-title":"Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0947","article-title":"Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity","volume":"94","author":"Pasarica","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0585","article-title":"Fibrosis in human adipose tissue: composition, distribution, and link with lipid metabolism and fat mass loss","volume":"59","author":"Divoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.12.010","article-title":"Increased fibrosis: a novel means by which GH influences white adipose tissue function","volume":"39","author":"Householder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-060721-092930","article-title":"Adipose tissue fibrosis in obesity: etiology and challenges","volume":"84","author":"Marcelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0263-4","article-title":"Adipocyte extracellular matrix composition, dynamics and role in obesity","volume":"67","author":"Mariman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.05.017","article-title":"Cellular and molecular players in adipose tissue inflammation in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"1842","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1016","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00329.2010","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin-resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation","volume":"299","author":"Spencer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.03.062","article-title":"Immune cell toll-like receptor 4 mediates the development of obesity- and endotoxemia-associated adipose tissue fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Vila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2015.22","article-title":"Omental adipose tissue fibrosis and insulin resistance in severe obesity","volume":"5","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02301","article-title":"Subcutaneous fat fibrosis links obesity to insulin resistance in Chinese Americans","volume":"103","author":"Alba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6551","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) effects on bone and collagen turnover in healthy adults and its potential as a marker of GH abuse in sports: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. The GH-2000 Study Group","volume":"85","author":"Longobardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.179325","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis","volume":"588","author":"Doessing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0818","article-title":"GH and IGF1 levels are positively associated with musculotendinous collagen expression: experiments in acromegalic and GH deficiency patients","volume":"163","author":"Doessing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01218.x","article-title":"Growth hormone and the heart","volume":"54","author":"Colao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00090","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.90","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis in patients with acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Koutsou-Tassopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0027","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects","volume":"30","author":"Moller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqad038","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad038","article-title":"Increased fibrosis in white adipose tissue of male and female bGH transgenic mice appears independent of TGF-\u03b2 action","volume":"164","author":"Bell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00850","article-title":"Adipocyte-specific GH receptor-null (AdGHRKO) mice have enhanced insulin sensitivity with reduced liver triglycerides","volume":"160","author":"List","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00167","article-title":"GH knockout mice have increased subcutaneous adipose tissue with decreased fibrosis and enhanced insulin sensitivity","volume":"160","author":"List","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290631","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein: a cell surface dipeptidyl peptidase and gelatinase expressed by stellate cells at the tissue remodelling interface in human cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Levy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2002.01503.x","article-title":"Intrahepatic expression of the hepatic stellate cell marker fibroblast activation protein correlates with the degree of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"22","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.11.020","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein: a serine protease expressed at the remodeling interface in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Acharya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"7774","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1546-z","article-title":"Targeting cardiac fibrosis with engineered T cells","volume":"573","author":"Aghajanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.11.006","article-title":"Effect of fibroblast activation protein and alpha2-antiplasmin cleaving enzyme on collagen types I, III, and IV","volume":"457","author":"Christiansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36505","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.51.36505","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein, a dual specificity serine protease expressed in reactive human tumor stromal fibroblasts","volume":"274","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1021\/bi701921b","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein peptide substrates identified from human collagen I derived gelatin cleavage sites","volume":"47","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgz033","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz033","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein is a GH target: a prospective study of patients with acromegaly before and after treatment","volume":"105","author":"Arlien-Soborg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103763","article-title":"Reversible insulin resistance in muscle and fat unrelated to the metabolic syndrome in patients with acromegaly","volume":"75","author":"Arlien-S\u00f8borg","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad031","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of subcutaneous adipose tissue reveals new biomarkers in acromegaly","volume":"188","author":"Falch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.150631","article-title":"Consensus statement on the standardization and evaluation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor assays","volume":"57","author":"Clemmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e552","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad583","article-title":"Metformin improves the prerequisites for FGF21 signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Pedersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151269","article-title":"Human FGF-21 is a substrate of fibroblast activation protein","volume":"11","author":"Coppage","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.710582","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein cleaves and inactivates fibroblast growth factor 21","volume":"291","author":"Dunshee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00138","article-title":"The FAT score, a fibrosis score of adipose tissue: predicting weight-loss outcome after gastric bypass","volume":"102","author":"Bel Lassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.01.010","article-title":"A PDGFR\u03b1-mediated switch toward CD9(high) adipocyte progenitors controls obesity-induced adipose tissue fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Marcelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03185934","article-title":"Influence of dietary macronutrient composition on adiposity and cellularity of different fat depots in Wistar rats","volume":"65","author":"Boque","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E899","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00024.2006","article-title":"GH receptor signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in human subjects following exposure to an intravenous GH bolus","volume":"291","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.07.014","article-title":"The good and the bad collagens of fibrosis\u2014their role in signaling and organ function","volume":"121","author":"Karsdal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194888","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling of adipose tissue in obesity and metabolic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Ruiz-Ojeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051412","article-title":"Collagens regulating adipose tissue formation and functions","volume":"11","author":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.1.6262","article-title":"Responses of markers of bone and collagen turnover to exercise, growth hormone (GH) administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males","volume":"85","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-4-916","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone (GH) on plasma bone Gla protein in GH-deficient adults","volume":"70","author":"Johansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3693","article-title":"Calcium and bone turnover markers in acromegaly: a prospective, controlled study","volume":"102","author":"Constantin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0754-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of acromegaly: review of population studies","volume":"20","author":"Lavrentaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0019","article-title":"Prolonged diagnostic delay in acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality","volume":"182","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00702-6","article-title":"Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Kopchick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12900-8","article-title":"Selective homogeneous assay for circulating endopeptidase fibroblast activation protein (FAP)","volume":"7","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab018","article-title":"Fat cell size: measurement methods, pathophysiological origins, and relationships with metabolic dysregulations","volume":"43","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0012","article-title":"GH action influences adipogenesis of mouse adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"226","author":"Olarescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199609000-00014","article-title":"Mitogenic and antiadipogenic properties of human growth hormone in differentiating human adipocyte precursor cells in primary culture","volume":"40","author":"Wabitsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e671","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad190","article-title":"Whole-body and forearm muscle protein metabolism in patients with acromegaly before and after treatment","volume":"108","author":"Arlien-S\u00f8borg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026033105165218900_lvag032-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0120","article-title":"Muscle strength in patients with acromegaly at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up","volume":"177","author":"F\u00fcchtbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag032\/66964641\/lvag032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/194\/3\/299\/66964641\/lvag032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article-pdf\/194\/3\/299\/66964641\/lvag032.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:17:00Z","timestamp":1774948620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/194\/3\/299\/8488940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}