{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:56:03Z","timestamp":1790823363910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TOPS","award":["U01DE018664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DE018664"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies embracing digital technology and automated methods of scoring dental arch relationships have shown that such technology is valid and accurate. To date, however there is no published literature on artificial intelligence and machine learning to completely automate the process of dental landmark recognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop and evaluate a fully automated system and software tool for the identification of landmarks on human teeth using geometric computing, image segmenting, and machine learning technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred and thirty-nine digital models were used in the automated landmark recognition (ALR) validation phase, 161 of which were digital models from cleft palate subjects aged 5 years. These were manually annotated to facilitate qualitative validation. Additionally, landmarks were placed on 20 adult digital models manually by 3 independent observers. The same models were subjected to scoring using the ALR software and the differences (in mm) were calculated. All the teeth from the 239 models were evaluated for correct recognition by the ALR with a breakdown to find which stages of the process caused the errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that 1526 out of 1915 teeth (79.7%) were correctly identified, and the accuracy validation gave 95% confidence intervals for the geometric mean error of [0.285, 0.317] for the humans and [0.269, 0.325] for ALR\u2014a negligible difference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is anticipated that ALR software tool will have applications throughout clinical dentistry and anthropology, and in research will constitute an accurate and objective tool for handling large datasets without the need for time intensive employment of experts to place landmarks manually.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjab012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T16:12:27Z","timestamp":1615824747000},"page":"43-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Development of intra-oral automated landmark recognition (ALR) for dental and occlusal outcome measurements"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Br\u00e9nainn","family":"Woodsend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Koufoudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"El-Angbawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azad","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunvor","family":"Semb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowri Vijay","family":"Reesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Mossey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, 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What next?","volume":"51","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029780","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029780","article-title":"Timing Of Primary Surgery for cleft palate (TOPS): protocol for a randomised trial of palate surgery at 6 months versus 12 months of age","volume":"9","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0009","first-page":"314","article-title":"The Goslon Yardstick: a new system of assessing dental arch relationships in children with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate","volume":"24","author":"Mars","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate Journal"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.2.165","article-title":"Study models of 5 year old children as predictors of surgical outcome in unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"19","author":"Atack","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw031","article-title":"The validity and reliability of an automated method of scoring dental arch relationships in unilateral cleft lip and palate using the modified Huddart-Bodenham scoring system","volume":"38","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji019","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified Huddart\/Bodenham scoring system for assessment of maxillary arch constriction in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects","volume":"27","author":"Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjr092","article-title":"Calibration of the modified Huddart and Bodenham scoring system against the GOSLON\/5-year-olds\u2019 index for unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"34","author":"Dobbyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1597\/15-340","article-title":"Digital three-dimensional automation of the modified Huddart and Bodenham scoring system for patients with cleft lip and palate","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/11527770_46","article-title":"Automatic landmarking of cephalograms by cellular neural networks","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.","author":"Giordano","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-015-1173-6","article-title":"A knowledge-based algorithm for automatic detection of cephalometric landmarks on CBCT images","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"},{"key":"2022012519583158100_CIT0017","first-page":"387","article-title":"Comparison of landmark identification in traditional versus computer-aided digital cephalometry","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Angle Orthodontist"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/44\/1\/43\/42097604\/cjab012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/44\/1\/43\/42097604\/cjab012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T14:59:04Z","timestamp":1643122744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article\/44\/1\/43\/6265540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjab012","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.12.16.423094","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0141-5387","1460-2210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-5387","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]}}}