{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:33:35Z","timestamp":1780324415632,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Craniofacial growth demonstrates significant variation and is difficult to predict. The aim of the present investigation was twofold: (1) to assess the association (covariation) between craniofacial shape at pre- and post-adolescence and (2) to evaluate if pre-adolescent craniofacial shape is related (covaries) with growth magnitude and direction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred fifty subjects (86 males and 64 females) untreated orthodontically were selected from AAOF Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection. Each subject had cephalograms taken before 9 (pre-adolescent stage) and after 15 years of age (post-adolescent). Fourteen curves comprising 123 points (10 fixed and 113 sliding semilandmarks) comprehensively covering the craniofacial skeleton were digitally traced on each cephalogram. Procrustes alignment, principal component analysis, 2-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis, and regression analysis were done after sliding the semilandmarks to minimize bending energy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The first 16 principal components (PCs) were non-trivial and explained 85.2% of total shape variability in the sample. PC1 depicted mainly variability in the vertical direction, PC2 represented mostly variability in the saddle angle and in the antero-posterior position of the mandible, and PC3 depicted primarily variability of the mandibular shape (steep versus flat mandibular plane). The covariation between pre- and post-adolescent facial shape was statistically significant, both in the pooled sample (RV coefficient = 0.604) and in boys (RV = 0.639) and girls (RV = 0.629). The pre-adolescent shape was weakly associated with the magnitude of facial change\u20142-block PLS analysis demonstrated that blocks 1 and 2 were independent (P = 0.118, RV = 0.035).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pre-adolescent shape of the craniofacial complex explained approximately 60% of the post-adolescent shape of the craniofacial complex; however, the relationship between pre-adolescent shape of the craniofacial complex and magnitude of its change was weak.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjab061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T19:12:12Z","timestamp":1628449932000},"page":"332-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Craniofacial shape from pre- to post-adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Maciejewska-Turek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Bili\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6577-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans L L","family":"Wellens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Brugge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr S","family":"Fudalej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022052408564567500_CIT0001","first-page":"281","article-title":"A mixed longitudinal, interdisciplinary study of the growth and development of Dutch children","volume":"37","author":"Prahl-Andersen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"2022052408564567500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(93)70095-6","article-title":"An inventory of United States and Canadian growth record sets: preliminary report","volume":"103","author":"Hunter","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"key":"2022052408564567500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/16.6.501","article-title":"Longitudinal cephalometric standards for Norwegians between the ages of 6 and 18 years","volume":"16","author":"El-Batouti","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2022052408564567500_CIT0004","volume-title":"A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data","author":"Bhatia","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022052408564567500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji033","article-title":"Roentgen-cephalometric standards for a Swedish population. 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