{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:17:55Z","timestamp":1789075075270,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with dental and skeletal Class II growth patterns present typical facial characteristics. Functional appliance (FA) therapy is one of the conventional orthodontic treatment modalities used to harmonize these facial imbalances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was to investigate and summarize the effects of FAs on the facial soft tissues captured in three dimensions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Search methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted up to December 2020. Databases Medline (via PubMed), Embase (via Ovid), Web of Science, and Cochrane Central were searched without language restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized clinical trial (RCT)\u2019s investigating the influence of FA therapy on the facial soft tissues in a non-cephalometric and three-dimensional (3D) manner, were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data extraction was independently undertaken by two authors. In case of conflict, a third author was consulted. RoB 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was performed for total facial height, upper lip length, lower lip length, commissural width, and facial depth. The single-step activation versus incremental approach was compared using a random effects model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five studies were included in the qualitative synthesis of the systematic review. Facial height increased after FA therapy. Three studies met the criteria for the meta-analysis. The mean facial depth increased significantly (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.003) with 1.39 mm (0.46 to 2.32).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current evidence suggests a positive influence of the FA therapy on the soft tissues in Class II patients. However, conclusions were drawn based on a two-dimensional analysis of 3D images, suggesting that more controlled studies using a comprehensive 3D analysis are necessary to confirm these results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>PROSPERO registration (CRD 42021224016).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjac002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T12:06:38Z","timestamp":1642334798000},"page":"458-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A non-cephalometric three-dimensional appraisal of soft tissue changes by functional appliances in orthodontics: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4524-786X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Luyten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"Vierendeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7022-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00ebmi M C","family":"De Roo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Temmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Ghent University , Ghent , 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