{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:56:09Z","timestamp":1789469769478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the present study was to assess the alterations in morphology, roughness, and composition of the surfaces of a conventional and a flowable composite attachment engaged with aligners, and to evaluate the release of resin monomers and their derivatives in an aqueous environment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Zirconia tooth-arch frames (n\u2005=\u200520) and corresponding thermoformed PET-G aligners with bonded attachments comprising two composite materials (universal\u2014C and flowable\u2014F) were fabricated. The morphological features (stereomicroscopy), roughness (optical profilometry), and surface composition (ATR-FTIR) of the attachments were examined before and after immersion in water. To simulate intraoral use, the aligners were removed and re-seated to the frames four times per day for a 7-day immersion period. After testing, the eluents were analyzed by LC-MS\/MS targeting the compounds Bis-GMA, UDMA, 2-HEMA, TEGDMA and BPA and by LC-HRMS for suspect screening of the leached dental material compounds and their degradation products.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After testing, abrasion-induced defects were found on attachment surfaces such as scratches, marginal cracks, loss of surface texturing, and fractures. The morphological changes and debonding rate were greater in F. Comparisons (before-after testing) revealed a significantly lower Sc roughness parameter in F. The surface composition of the aligners after testing showed minor changes from the control, with insignificant differences in the degree of C\u2005=\u2005C conversion, except for few cases with strong evidence of hydrolytic degradation. Targeted analysis results\u00a0revealed a significant difference in the compounds released between Days 1 and 7 in both materials. Insignificant differences were found when C was compared with F in both timeframes. Several degradation products were detected on Day 7, with a strong reduction in the concentration of the targeted compounds.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of aligners affects the surface characteristics and degradation rate of composite attachments in an aqueous environment, releasing monomers, and monomer hydrolysates within 1-week simulated use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjae026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T12:25:30Z","timestamp":1718627130000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Surface alterations and compound release from aligner attachments in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Iliadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevasti-Kiriaki","family":"Zervou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research \u2018Demokritos\u2019 , Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6280-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina","family":"Koletsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich , Switzerland"},{"name":"Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University , CA , 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