{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T03:12:56Z","timestamp":1789269176911,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Different types of retention appliances have been proposed over the years, but their effectiveness in maintaining arch dimensions and alignment after orthodontic treatment is still unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the efficacy of vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs) in preserving arch widths, arch length, and anterior alignment in maxillary and mandibular arches, compared to removable Hawley retainers (HRs) or fixed bonded retainers (FBRs). Search methods: unrestricted literature search of five major databases up to March 2024.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>randomized\/non-randomized clinical studies comparing VFRs to removable HRs or FBRs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>after duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment, random effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals were performed, followed by meta-regressions, sensitivity analyses, and assessment of the quality of evidence with GRADE.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-two prospective studies (4 non-randomized and 18 randomized controlled trials) involving 1797 patients (mean age 17.01 years, 38.3% males) were included. No significant differences were found in the intercanine width, intermolar width, and arch length between VFRs and HRs, in both arches (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.05). However, VFRs were statistically more effective than HRs in terms of Little\u2019s irregularity scores (LII) in the maxilla (eight studies; SMD\u2005=\u2005\u22120.42; 95% CI: \u22121.03 to \u22120.09; P\u2005=\u20050.02; I2\u2005=\u200573.4%) but not in the mandible (P\u2005=\u20050.12). No significant differences were reported for all considered outcomes between VFRs and FBRs in in both arches (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.05), except for lower LII, where VFRs were significantly less efficient (eight studies; SMD\u2005=\u20051.49; 95% CI\u2005=\u20050.26\u20132.7; P\u2005=\u20050.02; I2\u2005=\u200593%). Follow-up times, risk of bias, and wire type (of FBRs) did not show statistically significant effects on outcome variables. Sensitivity analyses showed robustness of the findings for including non-randomized and postretention studies. The certainty in these estimates was from moderate to low due to the risk of bias and inconsistency.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low to moderate quality evidence indicates that VFRs are as effective as HRs in maintaining arch widths, length, and alignment. Low-quality evidence found similar efficacy between VFRs and FBRs, with FBRs being statistically more effective at maintaining lower arch alignment, but the difference was not clinically significant.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PROSPERO registration (CRD42024518433).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjae040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T23:29:20Z","timestamp":1724455760000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Can vacuum-formed retainers maintain arch dimensions and alignment compared to Hawley and fixed bonded retainers after treatment with fixed appliances? A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Saidu College of Dentistry , Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19200 , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2012-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Shahid","family":"Kunwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Islamabad Medical and Dental College , Islamabad , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0087-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umair Wali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine , Karachi , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2381-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A","family":"Alnazeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic, Sciences College of Dentistry, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdullah","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3608-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anum","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics Department, Avicenna Dental College and Hospital , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9512-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Saidu College of Dentistry , Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19200 , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School\/Medical Faculty, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Campobasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , 71122\u00a0Foggia , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082310310770700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2022.21169","article-title":"Vacuum-formed retainers versus lingual-bonded retainers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of stability of treatment outcomes in orthodontically treated patients","volume":"35","author":"Husain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk J Orthodont."},{"key":"2024082310310770700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.03.020","article-title":"Effectiveness of bonded and vacuum-formed retainers: a prospective randomized 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