{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:20:49Z","timestamp":1778221249799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances on masseter muscle thickness in growing children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty children with a mean pre-treatment age of 12.9 \u00b1 1.19 years with mild to moderate malocclusions were treated with fixed appliances. Forty untreated children served as the control group, with a mean age of 9.14 \u00b1 0.91 years at the start of the study. Masseter muscle thickness was measured by ultrasonography at treatment start and 1 year later in the patient group, and at equivalent times in the control group. Differences within and between the groups were evaluated using paired and independent sample t-tests, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between different variables, including age, gender, and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Masseter thickness at the beginning of the study was smaller (P = .004) in the control group (10.57 \u00b1 1.04\u2005mm) than in the treatment group (11.26 \u00b1 1.03\u2005mm), an observation that can be partly explained by the initial age difference between the groups. One year later, masseter muscle thickness increased in the control group (0.38 \u00b1 0.50\u2005mm, P &amp;lt; .001) while no statistically significant changes were found in the treatment group (\u22120.08 \u00b1 0.55\u2005mm, P = .37). The observed change in masseter muscle thickness in the two groups presented statistically significant differences (0.46 \u00b1 0.11\u2005mm, P &amp;lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Masseter muscles in growing children normally increase in thickness annually. Fixed appliance treatment seems to hinder this growth during a 1-year treatment period. This information should be considered when assessing the progress and stability of the orthodontic treatment of certain malocclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T11:29:04Z","timestamp":1753183744000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes of masseter muscle thickness during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a prospective controlled study in growing children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Charalampidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva , 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva 1205 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory 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