{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:36:01Z","timestamp":1793424961118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020595","name":"Damascus University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["501100020595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501100020595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes resulting from the functional treatment with mini-implant supported Twin Block (MITB) appliance compared to the conventional Twin Block (TB) appliance in treating skeletal Class II Division 1 malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two-arm, parallel-group RCT was conducted at X University from March to September 2021. Forty-four patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion (ANB 5\u00b0\u20139\u00b0, SNB 72\u00b0\u201377\u00b0, overjet 5\u20138\u2005mm) were randomized to receive either MITB (n = 22, experimental group) or TB (n = 22, control group). Randomization was computer-generated, and outcome assessors were blinded. Skeletal and dentoalveolar changes were assessed using lateral cephalometric radiographs before treatment (T0) and at the end of the active treatment phase (T1). Data were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test, paired t-test, and independent t-test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 44 participants randomized, 41 completed the study (23 males, 18 females; mean age 12.05 \u00b1 1.02 years). Both groups showed reduction in maxillary position (SNA) with no significant differences between or within groups. Mandibular advancement (SNB) and skeletal relationship (ANB) improved significantly in both groups, with greater changes in the MITB group (SNB: 3.35\u00b0 vs. 2.17\u00b0, P = 0.004; ANB: \u22123.76\u00b0 vs. \u22122.41\u00b0, P = 0.003; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.91 vs. Cohen\u2019s d = 0.97). The MITB group also showed significantly greater increases in mandibular corpus length (3.47\u2005mm vs. 2.23\u2005mm; P = 0.016; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.83), total mandibular length (4.48\u2005mm vs. 3.26\u2005mm; P = 0.049; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.66), and mandibular base position (4.01\u2005mm vs. 2.7\u2005mm; P = 0.004; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.95). Skeletal discrepancy decreased more in the MITB group (3.71\u2005mm vs. 2.29\u2005mm; P = 0.005; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.93). The MITB group also exhibited less lower incisor protrusion (0.73\u00b0 vs. 3.81\u00b0; P &amp;lt; 0.001; Cohen\u2019s d = 2.62) and mesial positioning of the mandibular molar (0.13\u2005mm vs. 1.33\u2005mm P &amp;lt; 0.001; Cohen\u2019s d = 1.81). Pancherz\u2019s analysis revealed 74% skeletal correction of overjet and 82% skeletal correction of molar relationship in the MITB group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Harms<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four orthodontic mini-implants out of 42 (9.5%) failed in two patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mini-implant supported Twin-Block appliance produced greater skeletal correction and reduced dentoalveolar side effects compared to the conventional Twin Block. These results support the use of mini-implants supported Twin Block as a treatment option for Class II Division 1 malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, Clinical Trials ID: NCT06403033.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:57:19Z","timestamp":1760443039000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of mini-implant-supported twin block versus conventional twin block in treating growing patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion: a two-arm randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Rabea A","family":"Ghareeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Damascus , Baramkeh, Damascus 00000 ,","place":["Syria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinda","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Damascus , Baramkeh, Damascus 00000 ,","place":["Syria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0640-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Younis","family":"Hajeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Damascus , Baramkeh, Damascus 00000 ,","place":["Syria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mowaffak A","family":"Ajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Damascus , Baramkeh, Damascus 00000 ,","place":["Syria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Alzoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Damascus , Baramkeh, Damascus 0000 ,","place":["Syria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.118628","article-title":"Dental and facial skeletal characteristics and growth of females and males with Class II division 1 malocclusion between the ages of 10 and 14 (revisited). Part II. Anteroposterior and vertical circumpubertal growth","volume":"120","author":"Rothstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1981)051&lt;0177:COCIMI&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Components of class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B4","volume-title":"Textbook of Orthodontics","author":"Spalding","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.44","article-title":"The use of functional appliances in contemporary orthodontic practice","volume":"218","author":"DiBiase","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.09.016","article-title":"Is early treatment for Class II malocclusion effective? Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"O'Brien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B7","first-page":"302","article-title":"The use of myofunctional appliances in the UK: a survey of British orthodontists","volume":"25","author":"Chadwick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dent Update"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.5.501","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of bass, bionator and Twin Block appliances. Part I\u2013the hard tissues","volume":"20","author":"Illing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.02.025","article-title":"Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Twin-block and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion: a comparative study","volume":"130","author":"Jena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjt013","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of Twin Block and Herbst appliances in patients with Class II division 1 mandibular retrognathy","volume":"36","author":"Baysal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889540603003524","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.19.1.036-045.oar","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of Class II malocclusion treatment with the Twin Block appliance in a Brazilian sample: a prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Saikoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2319\/041411-268.1","article-title":"Use of the Clark Twin Block functional appliance with and without an upper labial bow: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"82","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0544.2000.030406.x","article-title":"The effects of torque control spurs in twin-block appliances","volume":"3","author":"Harradine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Orthod Res"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1179\/14653121226788","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of two alternative designs of Twin-block appliance","volume":"39","author":"Trenouth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.113790","article-title":"Comparison of 2 modifications of the twin-block appliance in matched Class II samples","volume":"119","author":"Parkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2319\/102916-779.1","article-title":"Twin Block appliance with acrylic capping does not have a significant inhibitory effect on lower incisor proclination","volume":"87","author":"van der Plas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_342_18","article-title":"Mini-implant-supported twin-block appliance: an innovative modification","volume":"22","author":"Tripathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500x.72352","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"1","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju052","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of the bite-jumping appliance and the Twin Block appliance in the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Burhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B21","first-page":"61","article-title":"Timing of interceptive orthodontic measures based on stages of maturation","volume":"48","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1179\/14653121043110","article-title":"Design and management of Twin Blocks: reflections after 30 years of clinical use","volume":"37","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.10.014","article-title":"Rationale behind Twin-block incline","volume":"151","author":"Trenouth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.16.3.169","article-title":"A functional appliance system for the correction of class II relationships","volume":"16","author":"Trenouth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90489-4","article-title":"The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment. A cephalometric investigation","volume":"82","author":"Pancherz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119513636","volume-title":"Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics","author":"Park","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B27","volume-title":"Handbook of Orthodontics","author":"Moyers","year":"1988","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(98)70282-3","article-title":"The effects of Twin Blocks: a prospective controlled study","volume":"113","author":"Lund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(98)70232-x","article-title":"Treatment effects of the twin block appliance: a cephalometric study","volume":"114","author":"Mills","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-018-0137-1","article-title":"Three-dimensional skeletal, dentoalveolar and temporomandibular joint changes produced by Twin Block functional appliance","volume":"79","author":"Elfeky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86219-0","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of aesthetic and conventional twin block appliances in the treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Alsilq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.105571","article-title":"Treatment timing for Twin-block therapy","volume":"118","author":"Baccetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02709-5","article-title":"Does mandibular advancement with clear aligners have the same skeletal and dentoalveolar effects as traditional functional appliances?","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(99)70233-7","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of monoblock and twin-block appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures","volume":"116","author":"T\u00fcmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(99)70193-9","article-title":"Treatment effects produced by the twin-block appliance and the FR-2 appliance of Fr\u00e4nkel compared with an untreated Class II sample","volume":"116","author":"Toth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3426","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Twin Block appliance and fixed orthodontic appliance in early Class II malocclusion treatment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Radwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23449","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23449","article-title":"Evaluation of the functional treatment of patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion using low-level Laser therapy-assisted Twin Block appliance: a three-arm randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Abdulhadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01344-8","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion versus Twin Block appliance on mandibular growth in skeletal Class II patients","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.11.012","article-title":"Prospective clinical trial comparing the effects of conventional Twin-block and mini-block appliances: part 1. Hard tissue changes","volume":"127","author":"Gill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.11.010","article-title":"Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Cozza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjm121","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of Twin Block and activator treatment on the soft tissue profile","volume":"30","author":"Varlik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/14653125221117845","article-title":"The effect of treatment timing on clinical and psychological outcomes with Twin Block therapy: a multicentre two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Mandall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.12.015","article-title":"Patients\u2019, parents\u2019, and orthodontists\u2019 perceptions of the need for and costs of additional procedures to reduce treatment time","volume":"145","author":"Uribe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx093","article-title":"Miniscrews failure rate in orthodontics: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Alharbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5331","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185331","article-title":"Mini-implant rejection rate in teenage patients depending on insertion site: a retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Bung\u0103u","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.05.016","article-title":"Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic miniscrew implants: a meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2006)076[0191:SZAGFM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"\u201cSafe zones\u201d: a guide for miniscrew positioning in the maxillary and mandibular arch","volume":"76","author":"Poggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2025120521121980000_cjaf093-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.10.042","article-title":"Early treatment for Class II division 1 malocclusion with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"135","author":"O'Brien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/47\/6\/cjaf093\/65777736\/cjaf093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/47\/6\/cjaf093\/65777736\/cjaf093.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T02:12:25Z","timestamp":1764987145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf093\/8371731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf093","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-5387","1460-2210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-5387","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"article-number":"cjaf093"}}