{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:57:59Z","timestamp":1788184679139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>White spot lesions (WSLs) are a common clinical finding with implications for both individuals and society. Several treatment approaches have been proposed, among which resin infiltration (RI) has emerged as a promising option.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigate clinical and patient-reported outcomes of RI on WSLs at different time points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unrestricted literature searches were conducted in six databases for human studies until September 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized and non-randomized clinical studies on patients with WSLs on at least one anterior tooth treated with RI assessing different clinical- and patient-reported outcomes with a minimum patient follow-up of 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analyses of pooled average changes between post-treatment and follow-up time points with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were performed, followed by sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-four reports pertaining to 29 studies were included covering 544 patients (ages 7\u201340 years; 44% male on average) and 1495 teeth with WSLs. The risk of bias assessment revealed concerns mainly due to the small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, absence of blinded measurements, and lack of analysis of confounding factors or within-patient clustering. For most outcomes, RI showed inconsistent and heterogeneous effects. In the largest meta-analysis (six studies) comparing the standardized color difference (\u0394E) between WSL and sound adjacent enamel from post-treatment to 6 months, the pooled average change was 0 (95% CI \u22120.42 to 0.41; P = .98), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 84%). A small meta-analysis showed significant improvements in patient satisfaction through a Visual Analogue Scale from post-treatment to 1 month (two studies; +11.9\u2005mm; 95% CI +5.9 to +17.8\u2005mm; P = .02), which diminished to non-significant levels at the 3 (P = .09), 6 (P = .20) and 12 months (P = .94). Twelve months post-treatment, no significant differences were seen for \u0394\u0395, fluorescence, patient satisfaction, or WSL area (P &amp;gt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the included studies, high between-study heterogeneity was observed for most outcome measures, while most studies featured small sample sizes and short follow-up times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RI for WSLs shows highly inconsistent effects, compounded by limited follow-ups, highlighting the need for larger and standardized studies with extended follow-up to better evaluate treatment outcomes of resin-infiltrated WSLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42024611702.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjag021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:47:44Z","timestamp":1774010864000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outcomes of resin infiltration for white spot lesions at different time points: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5613-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"St\u00e5hl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 450, 405 30 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Clinic of Orthodontics, University Dental Care, Public Dental Service, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland , Box 7163, 402 30 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1968-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon N","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine , Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Z\u00fcrich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2438-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Westerlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 450, 405 30 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9735-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Naoumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Box 450, 405 30 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Clinic of Orthodontics, University Dental Care, Public Dental Service, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland , Box 7163, 402 30 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B1","volume-title":"Global Oral Health Status Report: Towards Universal Health Coverage for Oral Health by 2030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90032-X","article-title":"Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding","volume":"81","author":"Gorelick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cjae008","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjae008","article-title":"Distribution of initial caries lesions in relation to fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Salerno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00894.x","article-title":"Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease","volume":"25","author":"Fejerskov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12662","article-title":"Relation between caries experience and the consumption of sweetened drinks and processed food in children: a population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Amato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000081652","article-title":"The effect of five years\u2019 implementation of caries-preventive methods in Swedish high-risk adolescents","volume":"39","author":"K\u00e4llest\u00e5l","year":"2005","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0018","article-title":"Xerostomia: etiology, recognition and treatment","volume":"134","author":"Guggenheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.11.019","article-title":"Genetic- and lifestyle-dependent dental caries defined by the acidic proline-rich protein genes PRH1 and PRH2","volume":"26","author":"Str\u00f6mberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071491","article-title":"Allelic variation in taste genes is associated with taste and diet preferences and dental caries","volume":"11","author":"Eriksson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.027","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans adhesin biotypes that match and predict individual caries development","volume":"24","author":"Esberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105001","article-title":"Human PRH1, PRH2 susceptibility and resistance and Streptococcus mutans virulence phenotypes specify different microbial profiles in caries","volume":"101","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-014-1240-3","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and biofilm formation\u2013a potential public health threat?","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_606_18","article-title":"Changes in essential salivary parameters in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.15644\/asc53\/3\/4","article-title":"Clinical and salivary findings in patients with metal and crystalline conventional and self-ligating orthodontic brackets","volume":"53","author":"Jurela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol Croat"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy025","article-title":"Effects of orthodontic treatment and different fluoride regimens on numbers of cariogenic bacteria and caries risk: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Enerb\u00e4ck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2319\/080619\/515.1","article-title":"Do various degrees of tooth decalcification affect orthodontists\u2019, general dentists\u2019 and laypersons\u2019 ratings of smile esthetics?","volume":"90","author":"Al-Omari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12776","article-title":"White spot lesion-related perception of aesthetics and treatment satisfaction among orthodontic patients, orthodontists and other dental specialists","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v84.44231","article-title":"Laypersons\u2019 esthetic assessment of teeth with de- or hypomineralization\u2014a web-based survey","volume":"84","author":"St\u00e5hl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2001.tb03382.x","article-title":"At first glance: social meanings of dental appearance","volume":"61","author":"Eli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B20","first-page":"429","article-title":"The impact of dental appearance on the appraisal of personal characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Newton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Prosthodont"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12906","article-title":"The influence of age and gender on perception of orofacial esthetics among laypersons in Switzerland","volume":"34","author":"Zaugg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104168","article-title":"Impact of masking hypomineralization opacities in anterior teeth on the esthetic perception of children and parents: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"123","author":"Athayde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1993.tb01099.x","article-title":"Aesthetic concerns of children and parents in relation to different classifications of the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2319\/082606-349","article-title":"Smile attractiveness. Self-perception and influence on personality","volume":"77","author":"Van der Geld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12322","article-title":"Prevention of orthodontic enamel demineralization: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"22","author":"Tasios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241281698","article-title":"Global, regional, and country-level economic impacts of oral conditions in 2019","volume":"104","author":"Jevdjevic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308200208","article-title":"Construct and predictive validity of clinical caries diagnostic criteria assessing lesion activity","volume":"82","author":"Nyvad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8","article-title":"Oral diseases: a global public health challenge","volume":"394","author":"Peres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a35745","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatment of white spot lesions\u2013a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03076-x","article-title":"Comparison of therapies of white spot lesions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw023","article-title":"Management of post-orthodontic white spot lesions: an updated systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Sonesson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105402","article-title":"The effect of nano-hydroxyapatite on white spot lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Alajlan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw065","article-title":"Interventions for orthodontically induced white spot lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"H\u00f6chli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03931-7","article-title":"Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or fluorosis\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Bourouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_209_18","article-title":"Resin infiltration technique and fluoride varnish on white spot lesions in children: preliminary findings of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Giray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04843-w","article-title":"Evaluation of the masking efficacy of caries infiltration in post-orthodontic initial caries lesions: 1-year follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Wierichs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4803346","article-title":"The index of refraction of dental enamel apatite","volume":"137","author":"Houwink","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034010","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3130322","article-title":"Measurement of the refractive index of human teeth by optical coherence tomography","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C35","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s07","article-title":"What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms","volume":"83","author":"Kidd","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.03.006","article-title":"Micro-hardness and mineral loss of enamel lesions after infiltration with various resins: influence of infiltrant composition and application frequency in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Paris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/140964","article-title":"Systematic review of preventive and treatment measures regarding orthodontically induced white spot lesions","volume":"60","author":"Yazarloo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12030048","article-title":"Effect of resin infiltration on enamel: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Soveral","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_29_23","article-title":"Esthetic effects and color stability of resin infiltration on demineralized enamel lesions: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9277","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159277","article-title":"Changes in the color and brightness of white spots associated with orthodontic treatment 6 months after the application of infiltrative resins: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Baptista-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2022.101723","article-title":"Effectiveness of resin infiltration in caries inhibition and aesthetic appearance improvement of white-spot lesions: an umbrella review","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2024.102052","article-title":"Postoperative stability of aesthetic outcomes following resin infiltration of hypomineralised and demineralised enamel lesions: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"V\u00e9guer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11050371","article-title":"White spot lesion treatment options: a systematic review of different techniques for masking these lesions","volume":"11","author":"Lamorgese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B48","author":"Higgins"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-06","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Moola","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.21608\/ajdsm.2022.160670.1365","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Giomer coating material Versus Icon resin infiltration in masking of White Spot Lesions (An In Vivo Study)","volume":"27","author":"Gabr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Al-Azhar J Dent Sci"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5114\/jos.2025.148460","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of different resinous infiltrants for masking efficacy of non-cavitated enamel lesions: a one-year randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Wakwak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Stomatol"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1179\/1465313314Y.0000000110","article-title":"Meta-analysis for orthodontists: part II\u2014is all that glitters gold?","volume":"41","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B57","author":"Gabr"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B58","first-page":"40","article-title":"Efficacy of one year treatment of icon infiltration resin on post-orthodontic white spots","volume":"45","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-4344.1739","article-title":"Infiltration resin versus microabrasion technique for repairing white spot lesions after orthodontics","volume":"23","author":"Tinghong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.37988\/1811-153X_2020_3_10","article-title":"Comparison of resin infiltration and microabrasion in the treatment of enamel caries","volume":"3","author":"Krikheli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Dent (Russia)"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_235_18","article-title":"The efficacy of resin infiltrate on the treatment of white spot lesions and developmental opacities","volume":"21","author":"Ciftci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05944-4","article-title":"In-vitro and in-vivo comparative studies of treatment effects on enamel demineralization during orthodontic therapy: implications for clinical early-intervention strategy","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21608\/ajdsm.2018.71485","article-title":"An in vivo study on the durability of resin infiltration technique on color masking of white spot lesions","volume":"21","author":"Goda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Al-Azhar J Dent Sci"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B64","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Superficial infiltration to treat white hypomineralized defects of enamel: clinical trial with 12-month follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Giannetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8020035","article-title":"Spectrophotometric evaluation of enamel color variation using infiltration resin treatment of white spot lesions at one year follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Giudice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2478\/amma-2025-0015","article-title":"Comparative non-invasive strategies for managing dental white spot lesions: contribution to the study of enamel remineralization","volume":"71","author":"Golia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Marisiensis - Seria Med"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2319\/041218-274.1","article-title":"Esthetic improvements of postorthodontic white-spot lesions treated with resin infiltration and microabrasion: a split-mouth, randomized clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a42203","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of resin infiltration and remineralisation of noncavitated smooth surface caries lesions: 6-month results","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f6zetici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1515\/amb-2014-0019","article-title":"The role of light-induced fluorescence in the treatment of smooth surface carious lesions with icon infiltration and the results after 1 year","volume":"41","author":"Kabaktchieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Med Bulg"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0276-y","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Icon\u00ae resin infiltration and Clinpro\u2122 XT varnish on colour and fluorescence changes of white spot lesions: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Kannan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05695-2","article-title":"Resin infiltration versus fluoride varnish for visual improvement of white spot lesions during multibracket treatment. A randomized-controlled clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Kashash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjac051","article-title":"Correlation of quantitative light-induced fluorescence and qualitative visual rating in infiltrated post-orthodontic white spot lesions","volume":"45","author":"Knaup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.02.029","article-title":"Durability of esthetic improvement following Icon resin infiltration of multibracket-induced white spot lesions compared with no therapy over 6 months: a single-center, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial","volume":"144","author":"Kn\u00f6sel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2319\/050914-334.1","article-title":"Camouflage effects following resin infiltration of postorthodontic white-spot lesions in vivo: one-year follow-up","volume":"85","author":"Eckstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2319\/052118-383.1","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of camouflage effects following resin infiltration of post orthodontic white-spot lesions in vivo","volume":"89","author":"Kn\u00f6sel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.21103\/Article14(2)_OA16","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of resin infiltration and bifluoride varnish in white spots in children between the ages of 8 and 15 years","volume":"14","author":"Krasniqi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biomed"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2341\/22-041-C","article-title":"Effectiveness and color stability of resin infiltration on demineralized and hypomineralized (MIH) enamel in children: six-month results of a prospective trial","volume":"48","author":"Ozgur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040749","article-title":"Long-term chromatic durability of white spot lesions through employment of infiltration resin treatment","volume":"59","author":"Puleio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Lithuania)"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2018.78282","article-title":"The effect of resin infiltration on the color of white spot lesions after ort hodontic treatment over one year period (in vivo study)","volume":"64","author":"Rashid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt Dent J"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14295\/bds.2021.v24i1.2063","article-title":"One year clinical evaluation of white spot lesions with newly introduced resin modified glass-ionomer in comparison to resin infiltration in anterior teeth: a split mouth randomized controlled clinical trial from Egypt","volume":"24","author":"Rohym","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz Dent Sci"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-46.1.12","article-title":"Management of post orthodontic white spot lesions using resin infiltration and CPP-ACP materials- a clinical study","volume":"46","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-024-01219-w","article-title":"Effectiveness of low-viscosity resin infiltration (Icon) on color change of enamel white spot lesions: 1-year follow-up clinical study","volume":"48","author":"Zaazou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Cent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104713","article-title":"Masking-efficacy and caries arrestment after resin infiltration or fluoridation of initial caries lesions in adolescents during orthodontic treatment\u2014a randomised controlled trial","volume":"138","author":"Wierichs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104474","article-title":"Aesthetic caries infiltration\u2014long-term masking efficacy after 6 years","volume":"132","author":"Wierichs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.54623\/fdj.7023","article-title":"Resin infiltration versus acid micro-abrasion in the treatment of white spot lesions in fixed orthodontic patients","volume":"7","author":"ElSayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B86","author":"Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-6378.1979.tb00094.x","article-title":"An experiment in visual scaling of small color differences","volume":"4","author":"Kuehni","year":"1979","journal-title":"Color Res Appl"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680120801","article-title":"Visual and instrumental colorimetric assessments of small color differences on translucent dental porcelain","volume":"68","author":"Seghi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680051301","article-title":"Assessment of appearance match by visual observation and clinical colorimetry","volume":"68","author":"Johnston","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.10.005","article-title":"Power bleaching enhances resin infiltration masking effect of dental fluorosis. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Schoppmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0269","article-title":"Patients\u2019 satisfaction with dental esthetics","volume":"138","author":"Samorodnitzky-Naveh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000262032","article-title":"A new method for in vivo quantification of changes in initial enamel caries with laser fluorescence","volume":"29","author":"de Josselin de Jong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-018-0327-y","article-title":"Validation of fluorescence devices for evaluation of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients","volume":"19","author":"Kavvadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","article-title":"The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries","volume":"35","author":"Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010247","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.01.003","article-title":"Registration in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) of systematic review protocols was associated with increased review quality","volume":"100","author":"Sideri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12266","article-title":"Gray literature: an important resource in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Paez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1316","article-title":"A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14653125.2018.1440792","article-title":"Data sharing in orthodontic research","volume":"45","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.11.009","article-title":"Longevity of composite restorations is definitely not only about materials","volume":"39","author":"Demarco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.08.002","article-title":"Posterior ceramic versus metal restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Tennert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.18502\/fid.v20i40.13926","article-title":"Effect of extent of white spot lesions on the esthetic outcome after treatment by the resin infiltration technique: a clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Gholami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Dent"},{"key":"2026051515110333400_cjag021-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-120","article-title":"Thresholds for statistical and clinical significance in systematic reviews with meta-analytic methods","volume":"14","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/48\/3\/cjag021\/68295168\/cjag021.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/48\/3\/cjag021\/68295168\/cjag021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:11:11Z","timestamp":1778872271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjag021\/8679155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjag021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-5387","1460-2210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-5387","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"article-number":"cjag021"}}