{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:25:29Z","timestamp":1792805129016,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Align Technology Global Funding Award Towards Advancing Orthodontic and Dental Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Halitosis is primarily caused by oral microbiota dysbiosis, exacerbated by orthodontic appliances that promote plaque retention. Probiotics offer a potential non-invasive strategy to rebalance oral flora and reduce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), but their clinical effectiveness remains largely underexplored in Orthodontics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of these trials was to determine the effect of oral probiotics containing Lactobacillus salivarius Oral S1 on plaque and gingival indices as well as on halitosis (via VSC) in patients treated with orthodontic brackets or aligners vs placebo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was ran as two separate parallel 2-arm trials (fixed appliance trial and aligner trial) in two centers. Each trial included 59 patients randomly allocated to either probiotics or placebo. The intervention was 1 month course of probiotics, compared with placebo. The primary outcome was the modified plaque index (PI-M) and the secondary outcomes were the gingival index (GI) and the VSC levels i.e. H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S and their sum (total VSC), all measured at baseline (T0), after 1 month of intervention (T1), and 2 months after discontinuation of the probiotics (T2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the aligner group, a significant treatment \u00d7 time interaction was detected for H2S (P &amp;lt; .001) and total VSC (P &amp;lt; .001), indicating that the changes in these variables over time differed significantly between the treatment groups. In the fixed appliance group, a statistically significant treatment \u00d7 time interaction was identified for PI-M (P = .01), GI (P &amp;lt; .001), H2S (P = .03), and total VSC (P = .03). Probiotic use was particularly effective in the latter group, with notable improvements in plaque control, gingival health, and halitosis reduction. Partial relapse occurred by T2, suggesting that benefits mostly diminish after intervention cessation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Administration of oral probiotics for 1 month significantly improved periodontal health and reduced halitosis in orthodontic patients, especially in those with fixed appliances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjag028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T11:52:18Z","timestamp":1775217138000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of oral probiotics on oral health and halitosis in orthodontic patients treated with aligners or conventional fixed appliances vs placebo: two randomized clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Vasoglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens 11527 ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioulia-Maria","family":"Mylonopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens 11527 ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerassimos","family":"Angelopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens 11527 ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kloukos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine\/Medical Faculty, University of Bern , Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern 3010 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital , 3 P. 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