{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:26:41Z","timestamp":1787826401270,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n To identify if lower incisor movements after orthodontic treatment are due to the relapse of the orthodontic treatment or due to natural growth.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n The subjects consisted of 92 patients who have had orthodontic treatment, divided into three groups, group 1: 38 individuals had no retainer in the lower jaw. Group 2: 24 individuals had a retainer 0.028 inch, a spring hard wire bonded to the mandibular canines only. Group 3: 30 individuals had a 0.0195-inch Twist-Flex wire, bonded to all mandibular incisors and canines. Study models before orthodontic treatment (T0), immediately after orthodontic treatment (T1), 6 years after orthodontic treatment (T2), and 12 years after orthodontic treatment (T3) were used for the measurements. The wires in groups 2 and 3 were removed after mean 2.6 years (SD 1.49). Little Irregularity Index (LII), inter-canine distance, available mandibular anterior space, and number of crowded incisors were registered. A Tooth Displacement Index (TDI) was developed to measure the tooth displacement directions at T0 and T3.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The LII showed equal values before treatment (T0) and at the follow-up registrations (T2 and T3). But about 25 per cent of the tooth displacements at T2 and T3 did not exist before treatment, at T0. This indicates usual growth changes and not relapse of the orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n As about 25 per cent of the displaced incisors can be considered as an effect of natural growth, not a relapse of the orthodontic treatment, it is valuable to use a displacement index in combination with other variables for investigations of stability after orthodontic treatment. Importance of the present study is that it is possible to differ between relapse and usual growth changes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjz020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T15:18:22Z","timestamp":1555082302000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Teeth movement 12 years after orthodontic treatment with and without retainer: relapse or usual changes?"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem","family":"Abdulraheem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Jahra Specialty Dental Center, Ministry of Health, Kuwait"},{"name":"Faculty of Odontology, Malm\u00f6 University, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Sch\u00fctz-Fransson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Clinic, Uddevalla Hospital, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krister","family":"Bjerklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091012102724300_CIT0001","first-page":"16","article-title":"Biological basis for orthodontic relapse.","volume-title":"Stability, Retention and Relapse in Orthodontics","author":"Maltha","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019091012102724300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(67)90118-2","article-title":"Clinical and histologic observations on tooth movement during and after orthodontic treatment","volume":"53","author":"Reitan","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics,"},{"key":"2019091012102724300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00024.x","article-title":"The effect of retention on orthodontic relapse after the use of small continuous or discontinuous forces. An experimental study in beagle dogs","volume":"111","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences,"},{"key":"2019091012102724300_CIT0004","first-page":"22","article-title":"Biological basis for orthodontic relapse.","volume-title":"Stability, Retention and Relapse in Orthodontics","author":"Maltha","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019091012102724300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn124","article-title":"Dentoalveolar development in subjects with normal occlusion. 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