{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:37:46Z","timestamp":1788151066534,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005648","name":"American Association of Orthodontists Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH RO1EB020640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH RO1EB020640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KO8DEO25914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO8DEO25914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) through biologically effective methods, such as increasing osteoclast-mediated alveolar resorption, could effectively shorten treatment time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate an injectable formulation containing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) on the OTM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We fabricated a RANKL formulation from 100 \u00b5l of 100 \u00b5g\/ml RANKL adsorbed on 10 mg of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) microspheres embedded in a 10 wt% aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose carrier gel. We characterized these formulations for the rate of RANKL release, and then tested for bioactivity using in vitro cell culture. In vivo OTM studies were conducted using 15 week old male Wistar rats for 14 days. We injected the RANKL formulations palatal to the left maxillary first molar and accomplished OTM with a nickel\u2013titanium (NiTi) coil spring applying 5\u20138 g force. Control groups involved the application of NiTi coil spring with and without placebo formulation. The outcome measure included the distance of tooth movement, bone volume fraction, tissue density, and root volume determined with micro-computed tomography. We determined the amount of osteoclast activity using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>These formulations were able to sustain the release of RANKL for more than 30 days, and the released RANKL showed a positive effect on mice osteoclast precursor cells (RAW 264.7). Reported injectable RANKL formulations were effective in accelerating OTM compared with other control groups, with 129.2 per cent more tooth movement than no formulation and 71.8 per cent more than placebo formulation, corresponding with a significant increase in the amount of TRAP activity. We did not observe any significant differences in root resorption between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study shows a significant increase in OTM with injectable formulations containing RANKL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjz027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]],"date-time":"2019-04-14T03:07:59Z","timestamp":1555211279000},"page":"317-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Injectable RANKL sustained release formulations to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Joy H","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Arul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane H","family":"Dutra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra","family":"Nanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangamesh G","family":"Kumbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020062315033825900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.09.020","article-title":"How long does treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances last? 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