{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:17:56Z","timestamp":1789075076153,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the evaluation of the Fr\u04d3nkel Manoeuvre (FM) on three-dimensional (3D) scans and to compare it to the assessment on two-dimensional (2D) pictures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 44 individuals with a skeletal Class II malocclusion [9\u201316-years old mean age \u00b1 standard deviation: 13.5 \u00b1 2.01 years]. All patients had a full Class II molar relationship, overjet \u22656 mm and point A, Nasion, point B angle (ANB) \u22655 degrees. During the FM, each patient was invited to bite in centric occlusion and then to posture the mandible forward to reach a Class I molar relationship. The FM was recorded both by a normal camera and a 3D scanner (3dMD system). Six examiners divided into two groups according to their orthodontic clinical experience (&amp;lt;5 and &amp;gt;10 years), and one gold standard in the evaluation of FM, commented twice (every 15 days) on both 2D photographs (T0 and T2) and 3D scans (T1 and T3). The intra-observer agreement and the inter-observer agreement compared to the gold standard were evaluated by computing the Cohen\u2019s K.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The agreement between observations for each examiner ranged from 0.36 to 1 on 2D pictures (T0 versus T2), and from 0.22 to 0.69 on 3D scans (T1 versus T3). The overall agreement was 0.63 (95 per cent CI = 0.35\u20130.91) in 2D analysis and 0.5 (95 per cent CI = 0.35\u20130.64) in 3D analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions\/Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FM was less reproducible when performed on 3D records than on 2D pictures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjz081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T19:26:30Z","timestamp":1569957990000},"page":"157-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Two-dimensional versus three-dimensional Fr\u04d3nkel Manoeuvre: a reproducibility study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9741-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Rongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Bucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Adaimo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Amato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Martina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Valletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"D\u2019ant\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0001","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of class II malocclusion in children 8-10 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Angle Orthodontist,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0002","first-page":"176","article-title":"Is there an association between various aspects of oral health in Southern Italy children? An epidemiological study assessing dental decays, periodontal status, malocclusions and temporomandibular joint function","volume":"19","author":"Paduano","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0003","first-page":"205","article-title":"Update on the Wits appraisal","volume":"58","author":"Jacobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Angle Orthodontist,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(85)90024-7","article-title":"An analysis of the variation of the ANB angle: a statistical appraisal","volume":"87","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(93)70010-L","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part I","volume":"103","author":"Arnett","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0006","volume-title":"Orofacial Orthopedics with the Function Regulator","author":"Fr\u00e4nkel","year":"1989"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.5.501","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of bass, bionator and twin block appliances","volume":"20","author":"Illing","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv072","article-title":"Reproducibility of the assessment of the Fr\u00e4nkel manoeuvre for the evaluation of sagittal skeletal discrepancies in Class II individuals","volume":"38","author":"Martina","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.01.037","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age","volume":"134","author":"Kau","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-2059","article-title":"Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric analysis of nasolabial soft tissue effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"38","author":"Staderini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12178","article-title":"Evaluation of the 3dMDface system as a tool for soft tissue analysis","volume":"20","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2319\/092313-699.1","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the relationship between jaw divergence and facial soft tissue dimensions","volume":"84","author":"Rongo","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0013","article-title":"A three-dimensional evaluation of M\u0101ori and New Zealand European faces","volume":"30","author":"Antoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australian Orthodontic Journal"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1597\/06-175","article-title":"Validity and reliability of craniofacial anthropometric measurement of 3D digital photogrammetric images","volume":"45","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200605000-00015","article-title":"Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry","volume":"17","author":"Weinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.10.013","article-title":"Digital three-dimensional image fusion processes for planning and evaluating orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Plooij","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-016-0055-z","article-title":"Assessment of facial soft-tissue profiles based on lateral photographs versus three-dimensional face scans","volume":"78","author":"Fink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2016.11.011","article-title":"A study to evaluate the reliability of using two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional images, and stereoscopic projected three-dimensional images for patient assessment","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2005.04.005","article-title":"The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Seminars in Orthodontics"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0020","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Family Medicine,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12163","article-title":"Utilizing three-dimensional data in orthodontic practice and research","volume":"20","author":"Solem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2319\/080414-544.1","article-title":"Does clinical experience affect the reproducibility of cervical vertebrae maturation method?","volume":"85","author":"Rongo","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Angle Orthodontist,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2011.07.003","article-title":"Evolution of 3D surface imaging systems in facial plastic surgery","volume":"19","author":"Tzou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.03.023","article-title":"Completing the 3-dimensional picture","volume":"133","author":"Lane","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2319\/041415-244.1","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry","volume":"86","author":"Dindaro\u011flu","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Angle Orthodontist,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.05.026","article-title":"Dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion associated with maxillary skeletal protrusion: a longitudinal study at the circumpubertal growth period","volume":"135","author":"V\u00e1squez","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.1999.2.2.49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Orthodontics and Research,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4932136","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4932136","article-title":"The 3D tele motion tracking for the orthodontic facial analysis","volume":"2016","author":"Mummolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Research International,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.10.037","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic patients with 3-dimensional dentofacial records","volume":"151","author":"Manosudprasit","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,"},{"key":"2020040104252004500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12295","article-title":"Class II functional orthopaedic treatment: a systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"42","author":"D\u2019Ant\u00f2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation,"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/42\/2\/157\/32986017\/cjz081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article-pdf\/42\/2\/157\/32986017\/cjz081.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T19:08:00Z","timestamp":1664564880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejo\/article\/42\/2\/157\/5625551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjz081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-5387","1460-2210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-5387","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]}}}