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The goal was to test the Overshoot Hypothesis, which proposes that people develop spondylolysis because their vertebral shape is at the highly derived end of the range of variation within Homo sapiens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recorded 3D data on the final lumbar vertebrae of H. sapiens and three great ape species, and performed three analyses. First, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis. Second, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae. Lastly, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae and to vertebrae of H. sapiens with Schmorl\u2019s nodes, which previous studies have shown tend to be located at the ancestral end of the range of H. sapiens shape variation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are significantly different in shape from healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. We also found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are more distant from great ape vertebrae than are healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. Lastly, we found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are at the opposite end of the range of shape variation than vertebrae with Schmorl\u2019s nodes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis tend to exhibit highly derived traits and therefore support the Overshoot Hypothesis. Spondylolysis, it appears, is linked to our lineage\u2019s evolutionary history, especially its shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Lay summary: Spondylolysis is a relatively common vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. There is reason to think that it might be connected with our lineage\u2019s evolutionary shift from walking on all fours to walking on two legs. We tested this idea by comparing human vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to the vertebrae of great apes. Our results support the hypothesis. They suggest that people who experience spondylolysis have vertebrae with what are effectively exaggerated adaptations for bipedalism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T20:17:21Z","timestamp":1583180241000},"page":"35-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spondylolysis and spinal adaptations for bipedalism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Kimberly A","family":"Plomp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Dobney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 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