{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:59:48Z","timestamp":1790675988118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bitter taste perception plays vital roles in animal behavior and fitness. By signaling the presence of toxins in foods, particularly noxious defense compounds found in plants, it enables animals to avoid exposure. In vertebrates, bitter perception is initiated by TAS2Rs, a family of G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the surface of taste buds. There, oriented toward the interior of the mouth, they monitor the contents of foods, drinks and other substances as they are ingested. When bitter compounds are encountered, TAS2Rs respond by triggering neural pathways leading to sensation. The importance of this role placed TAS2Rs under selective pressures in the course of their evolution, leaving signatures in patterns of gene gain and loss, sequence polymorphism, and population structure consistent with vertebrates' diverse feeding ecologies. The protective value of bitter taste is reduced in modern humans because contemporary food supplies are safe and abundant. However, this is not always the case. Some crops, particularly in the developing world, retain surprisingly high toxicity and bitterness remains an important measure of safety. Bitter perception also shapes health through its influence on preference driven behaviors such as diet choice, alcohol intake and tobacco use. Further, allelic variation in TAS2Rs is extensive, leading to individual differences in taste sensitivity that drive these behaviors, shaping susceptibility to disease. Thus, bitter taste perception occupies a critical intersection between ancient evolutionary processes and modern human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoab031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T03:13:18Z","timestamp":1634008398000},"page":"431-447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Bitter taste receptors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7559-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P","family":"Wooding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente A","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maik","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maik Behrens, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122314582527400_eoab031-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5040\/9798400667206","volume-title":"Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution","author":"Ungar","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021122314582527400_eoab031-B2","volume-title":"Plant Defense: Warding off Attack by Pathogens, Herbivores, and Parasitic Plants","author":"Walters","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021122314582527400_eoab031-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988558","volume-title":"Plant Secondary Metabolites: Occurrence, Structure, and Role in the Human Diet","author":"Crozier","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021122314582527400_eoab031-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062406","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolite diversity and species interactions","volume":"49","author":"Kessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"2021122314582527400_eoab031-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.074922","article-title":"What killed Socrates? 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