{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:04:27Z","timestamp":1790831067317,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0746320, 1440564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0746320, 1440564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL085144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL085144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Consistent with evolutionarily theorized costs of reproduction (CoR), reproductive history in women is associated with life expectancy and susceptibility to certain cancers, autoimmune disorders and metabolic disease. Immunological changes originating during reproduction may help explain some of these relationships.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore the potential role of the immune system in female CoR, we characterized leukocyte composition and regulatory processes using DNA methylation (DNAm) in a cross-sectional cohort of young (20\u201322 years old) women differing in reproductive status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to nulliparity, pregnancy was characterized by differential methylation at 828 sites, 96% of which were hypomethylated and enriched for genes associated with T-cell activation, innate immunity, pre-eclampsia and neoplasia. Breastfeeding was associated with differential methylation at 1107 sites (71% hypermethylated), enriched for genes involved in metabolism, immune self-recognition and neurogenesis. There were no significant differences in DNAm between nulliparous and parous women. However, compared to nullipara, pregnant women had lower proportions of B, CD4T, CD8T and natural killer (NK) cells, and higher proportions of granulocytes and monocytes. Monocyte counts were lower and NK counts higher among breastfeeding women, and remained so among parous women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings point to widespread differences in DNAm during pregnancy and lactation. These effects appear largely transient, but may accumulate with gravidity become detectable as women age. Nulliparous and parous women differed in leukocyte composition, consistent with more persistent effects of reproduction on cell type. These findings support transient (leukocyte DNAm) and persistent (cell composition) changes associated with reproduction in women, illuminating potential pathways contributing to CoR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Lay Summary: Evolutionary theory and epidemiology support costs of reproduction (CoR) to women\u2019s health that may involve changes in immune function. We report differences in immune cell composition and gene regulation during pregnancy and breastfeeding. While many of these differences appear transient, immune cell composition may remain, suggesting mechanisms for female CoR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoac003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T20:13:44Z","timestamp":1643400824000},"page":"47-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immune cell type and DNA methylation vary with reproductive status in women: possible pathways for costs of reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Calen P","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meaghan J","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel D","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette R","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of San Carlos Office of Population Studies Foundation Inc., Cebu City 6000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0550-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Kobor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"McDade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"},{"name":"Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W","family":"Kuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/282461","article-title":"Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack\u2019s principle","volume":"100","author":"Williams","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20893","article-title":"Is there a trade-off between fertility and longevity? A comparative study of women from three large historical databases accounting for mortality selection","volume":"21","author":"Gagnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.39.4.343","article-title":"Long term effects of childbearing on health","volume":"39","author":"Beral","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19351","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19351","article-title":"Parity and all-cause mortality in women and men: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10071","article-title":"Comparative and evolutionary dimensions of the energetics of human pregnancy and lactation","volume":"14","author":"Dufour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318818265","article-title":"Parity and risk of maternal cardiovascular disease: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13411","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13411","article-title":"Parity and cardiovascular disease mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"5","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0759-T","article-title":"Parity and kidney cancer risk: evidence from epidemiologic studies","volume":"22","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.011","article-title":"Number of children is associated with neuropathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in women","volume":"30","author":"Beeri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20953","article-title":"Women\u2019s fertility and mortality in late mid life: a comparison of three contemporary populations","volume":"21","author":"Grundy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq175","article-title":"Number of children and all-cause mortality risk: results from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Tamakoshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13102","article-title":"Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011056","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011056","article-title":"Breastfeeding and cardiovascular disease hospitalization and mortality in parous women: evidence from a large Australian cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Binh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21621","article-title":"The roles of the immune system in women\u2019s reproduction: evolutionary constraints and life history trade-offs","volume":"146","author":"Abrams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B15","volume-title":"Knobil and Neill\u2019s Physiology of Reproduction","author":"Plant","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x","article-title":"The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity","volume":"63","author":"Mor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397175-3.00041-7","volume-title":"Knobil and Neill\u2019s Physiology of Reproduction","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205282109","article-title":"Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality","volume":"109","author":"Dunsworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500059","article-title":"Fetal microchimerism and maternal health: a review and evolutionary analysis of cooperation and conflict beyond the womb","volume":"37","author":"Boddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3523","article-title":"The immune system and kidney disease: basic concepts and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Kurts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.147","article-title":"Longitudinal inflammation, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a mini-review","volume":"96","author":"Bettcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00172","article-title":"Regulatory B cells in pregnancy: lessons from autoimmunity, graft tolerance, and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Guzman-Genuino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29486-4","article-title":"Reproduction predicts shorter telomeres and epigenetic age acceleration among young adult women","volume":"8","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030510","article-title":"Mammary transcriptome profile during peak and late lactation reveals differentially expression genes related to inflammation and immunity in Chinese Holstein","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.11.004","article-title":"Pregnancy persistently affects memory T cell populations","volume":"119","author":"Kieffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00298","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia","volume":"5","author":"Faas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02976-X","article-title":"Cytokine production in natural killer cells and lymphocytes in pregnant women compared with women in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle","volume":"77","author":"Veenstra van Nieuwenhoven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20882","article-title":"Changes in serum immunity during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24295","article-title":"Inflammaging: blame the sons. Relationships between the number of sons and the level of inflammatory mediators among post-reproductive women","volume":"175","author":"Galbarczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30056","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30056","article-title":"Health costs of reproduction are minimal despite high fertility, mortality and subsistence lifestyle","volume":"6","author":"Gurven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan2946","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan2946","article-title":"An immune clock of human pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Aghaeepour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204228","article-title":"Characterization of gene expression changes over healthy term pregnancies","volume":"13","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516865719867090","DOI":"10.1177\/2516865719867090","article-title":"DNA methylation trajectories during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenet Insights"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B35","article-title":"Changes in DNA methylation during pregnancy and after delivery","author":"Lin"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12778","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12778","article-title":"Breastfeeding and autoimmunity: programing health from the beginning","volume":"79","author":"Borba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa022","article-title":"Immune function during pregnancy varies between ecologically distinct populations","volume":"2020","author":"Hov\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Health"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq085","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey","volume":"40","author":"Adair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2020.1742787","article-title":"Evolutionary life history theory as an organising framework for cohort studies: insights from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey","volume":"47","author":"Kuzawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803239-8.00001-6","volume-title":"Medical Epigenetics","author":"Tollefsbol","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-86","article-title":"DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution","volume":"13","author":"Houseman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez149","article-title":"Reproduction, DNA methylation and biological age","volume":"34","author":"Kresovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0004-3","article-title":"DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing","volume":"19","author":"Horvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr238","article-title":"Bump hunting to identify differentially methylated regions in epigenetic epidemiology studies","volume":"41","author":"Jaffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.78","article-title":"Gene function analysis in complex data sets using ErmineJ","volume":"5","author":"Gillis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551707","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.551707","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells in human pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Mendes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31824c4648","article-title":"Offspring number, pregnancy, and risk of a first clinical demyelinating event: the AusImmune Study","volume":"78","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12477","article-title":"The role of decidual macrophages during normal and pathological pregnancy","volume":"75","author":"Ning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01070","article-title":"Pregnancy-related immune changes and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12417","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012417","article-title":"Normal pregnancy induced glucose metabolic stress in a longitudinal cohort of healthy women: novel insights generated from a urine metabolomics study","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.20388","article-title":"Normal early pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0069","article-title":"Characterizing the hypomethylated DNA methylation profile of nucleated red blood cells from cord blood","volume":"8","author":"de Goede","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.8.1643","article-title":"Prolonged lactation contributes to depletion of maternal energy reserves in Filipino women","volume":"122","author":"Adair","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1187","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.171","article-title":"BECon: a tool for interpreting DNA methylation findings from blood in the context of brain","volume":"7","author":"Edgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1990.92.4.02a00050","article-title":"Human ovarian function and reproductive ecology: new hypotheses","volume":"92","author":"Ellison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Anthropol"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3714","article-title":"Integrative genomic analysis implicates limited peripheral adipose storage capacity in the pathogenesis of human insulin resistance","volume":"49","author":"Lotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.76","article-title":"Persistent effects of women\u2019s parity and breastfeeding patterns on their body mass index: results from the Million Women Study","volume":"37","author":"Bobrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177813","article-title":"In vivo immune signatures of healthy human pregnancy: inherently inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?","volume":"12","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022032516120575500_eoac003-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620661114","article-title":"Social and physical environments early in development predict DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in young adulthood","volume":"114","author":"McDade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/emph\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/emph\/eoac003\/42369158\/eoac003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/emph\/article-pdf\/10\/1\/47\/42971174\/eoac003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/emph\/article-pdf\/10\/1\/47\/42971174\/eoac003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T21:11:53Z","timestamp":1648242713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/emph\/article\/10\/1\/47\/6520463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/emph\/eoac003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6201"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6201","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}