{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:26:17Z","timestamp":1771266377462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":163,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001388","name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The human immune system has evolved to balance protection against infection with control of immune-mediated damage and tolerance of commensal microbes. Such tradeoffs between protection and harm almost certainly extend to the immune system of milk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among breastfeeding mother\u2013infant dyads in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, we characterized in vitro proinflammatory milk immune responses to Salmonella enterica (an infectious agent) and Escherichia coli (a benign target) as the increase in interleukin-6 after 24\u2009h of incubation with each bacterium. We characterized incident infectious diseases among infants through passive monitoring. We used Cox proportional hazards models to describe associations between milk immune activity and infant infectious disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among infants, risk for respiratory infections declined with increasing milk in vitro proinflammatory response to S. enterica (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54, 0.86; P: 0.001), while risk for gastrointestinal infections increased with increasing milk in vitro proinflammatory response to E. coli (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.99; P: 0.022). Milk proinflammatory responses to S. enterica and E. coli were positively correlated (Spearman\u2019s rho: 0.60; P: 0.000).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings demonstrate a tradeoff in milk immune activity: the benefits of appropriate proinflammatory activity come at the hazard of misdirected proinflammatory activity. This tradeoff is likely to affect infant health in complex ways, depending on prevailing infectious disease conditions. How mother\u2013infant dyads optimize proinflammatory milk immune activity should be a central question in future ecological\u2013evolutionary studies of the immune system of milk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoac020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T14:10:03Z","timestamp":1655129403000},"page":"295-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tradeoffs in milk immunity affect infant infectious disease risk"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Wander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, 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University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Hopt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Lacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Foligno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frida","family":"Mowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre , Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College , Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ireen","family":"Kiwelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre , Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College , Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute , Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blandina 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