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Pain is motivating, and pain-related behaviours promote recovery by immediate active or passive defence; subsequent protection of wounds; suppression of competing responses; energy conservation; vigilance to threat; and learned avoidance of associated cues. When these persist beyond healing, as in chronic pain, they are disabling. In mammals, facial and bodily expression of pain is visible and identifiable by others, while social context, including conspecifics\u2019 responses, modulate pain. Studies of responses to pain emphasize onlooker empathy, but people with chronic pain report feeling disbelieved and stigmatized. Observers frequently discount others\u2019 pain, best understood in terms of cheater detection\u2014alertness to free riders that underpins the capacity for prosocial behaviours. These dynamics occur both in everyday life and in clinical encounters, providing an account of the adaptiveness of pain-related behaviours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoad038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T20:09:54Z","timestamp":1699646994000},"page":"429-437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda C","family":"de C Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London , Gower St, London WC1E 6BT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111813130865100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/09515080500169488","article-title":"An 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