{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:08:10Z","timestamp":1740168490724,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":354,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"US National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1825534","2031652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1825534","2031652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The optimal iron hypothesis (OIH) posits that risk for infection is lowest at a mild level of iron deficiency. The extent to which this protection results from arms race dynamics in the evolution of iron acquisition and sequestration mechanisms is unclear. We evaluated the OIH with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an emerging infectious agent.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We tested 304 healthcare workers at baseline for iron deficiency (zinc protoporphyrin:heme), anemia (hemoglobin), and SARS-CoV-2 (salivary PCR), and followed them for ~3 months with biweekly SARS-CoV-2 tests. We fit logistic regression models based on Akaike Information Criterion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adequate data were available for 199 participants. Iron replete (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 0.85, 9.75) and anemia (OR: 2.48; 95% CI: 0.82, 7.85) were associated with higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection after control for covariates. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models of the SARS-CoV-2 outcome were similar. Anemia (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 0.88, 3.71) was associated with respiratory symptoms regardless of SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings provide partial support for the OIH: SARS-CoV-2 infection risk was elevated at the high end of the range of iron availability; however, the elevated risk among those with anemia was not, as expected, specific to severe iron deficiency. Narrowly, for COVID-19 epidemiology, these findings accord with evidence that SARS-CoV-2\u2019s ability to establish infection is enhanced by access to iron. More broadly, these findings suggest that the OIH does not hinge on a long history of evolutionary arms race dynamics in access to host iron.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoae034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T07:14:01Z","timestamp":1734678841000},"page":"287-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron nutrition and COVID-19 among Nigerian healthcare workers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Wander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University , Binghamton, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olayinka O","family":"Ogunleye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital , Ikeja, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine , Ikeja, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn N","family":"Nwagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uche S","family":"Unigwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital , Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia N","family":"Odo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinedu M","family":"Chukwubike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital , Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunday A","family":"Omilabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Zoonotic Virology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Idi-Araba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Idi-Araba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olumuyiwa B","family":"Salu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Zoonotic Virology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Idi-Araba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Idi-Araba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bukola S","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital , Idi-Araba, Mushin, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bodunrin I","family":"Osikomaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagos State Blood Transfusion Service , Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Haematology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital , Ikeja, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel O","family":"Ebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital , Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abimbola","family":"Bowale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagos State Civil Service , Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abimbola O","family":"Olaitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital , Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital , Sagamu, Ogun ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher U","family":"Chukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Department, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital , Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chibuzo 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,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf A","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Emergency Unit, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital , Ikeja, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nifemi","family":"Oloniniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mainland Hospital , Yaba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akinrinlola","family":"Muyiwa Kelvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mainland Hospital , Yaba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raheem","family":"Rashidat Abiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagos State Health Service Commission , Lagos 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,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Lagos (CMUL) , Idi-Araba, Lagos ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan E","family":"Gauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University , Binghamton, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zifan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Binghamton University , Binghamton, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hsiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Binghamton University , Binghamton, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titilayo A","family":"Okoror","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Africana Studies, 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