{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:29:47Z","timestamp":1789399787589,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":254,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evolutionary theory predicts mammalian offspring will favor greater investment than parents are willing to provide, leading to conflict over resource transfer. This theory of parent-offspring conflict has been applied to resource transfer across the placenta. Birthweight and gestation length are functionally linked, suggesting that the timing of birth might also represent a focal point of maternal-fetal conflict. This hypothesis relies on two assumptions: mother and offspring have different fitness optima and both parties exert partial control over the timing of birth. It is argued, and evidence is reviewed, that suggests offspring benefit from slightly longer gestation than the maternal optimum, and that fetal and maternal genes both influence gestation length. We might therefore expect an evolutionary history of maternal-fetal conflict over the control of parturition. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis includes the effect of imprinted genes, as revealed through imprinting disorders, on gestation length; the wide variability in parturition mechanism(s) among mammalian species; and the complex physiology of human parturition including initiation by multiple different pathways with inputs from both mother and offspring. One potential consequence of a history of maternal-fetal conflict over control of the mechanisms of parturition is that the timing of birth may be subject to a greater degree of dysregulation than simpler physiological systems subject to single-party control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaf023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:53:42Z","timestamp":1757505222000},"page":"292-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maternal-fetal conflict and the timing of birth"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew I","family":"Furness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher , Gainesville, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1086\/418300","article-title":"Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Haig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/14.1.249","article-title":"Parent-offspring conflict","volume":"14","author":"Trivers","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am Zool"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1086\/382734","article-title":"Parent-offspring conflict in the evolution of vertebrate reproductive mode","volume":"163","author":"Crespi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.07.007","article-title":"Does the fetal genotype affect maternal physiology during pregnancy?","volume":"13","author":"Petry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199692576.003.0007","volume-title":"The Evolution of Parental Care","author":"Kilner","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140074","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0074","article-title":"The role and interaction of imprinted genes in human fetal growth","volume":"370","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12835","article-title":"Reproductive mode and the shifting arenas of evolutionary conflict","volume":"1360","author":"Furness","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1062","article-title":"What good is genomic imprinting: the function of parent-specific gene expression","volume":"4","author":"Wilkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.9","article-title":"The kinship theory of genomic imprinting","volume":"31","author":"Haig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.142741","article-title":"Genomic imprinting and kinship: how good is the evidence?","volume":"38","author":"Haig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2013.97","article-title":"Coadaptation and conflict, misconception and muddle, in the evolution of genomic imprinting","volume":"113","author":"Haig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heredity."},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref12","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Evolution in Health and Disease","author":"Haig","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904111106","article-title":"Transfers and transitions: parent-offspring conflict, genomic imprinting, and the evolution of human life history","volume":"107","author":"Haig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1951.tb02469.x","article-title":"Birth weight and gestation time in relation to maternal age, parity and infant survival","volume":"16","author":"Karn","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann Eugenics"},{"key":"2025102212345548400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1981.tb00306.x","article-title":"Natural selection associated with birth weight I. 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