{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:07:58Z","timestamp":1740168478792,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Iron is critical for women\u2019s reproduction, and iron-deficiency anemia is a global health problem for mothers. While public health programs have aimed to correct iron deficiency in reproductive-aged women with supplementation, a small group of studies have shown that too much iron also has negative effects on birth outcomes. We hypothesize that women\u2019s iron levels evolved within a narrow optimum, and predict that hemoglobin (Hb) levels would be associated with women\u2019s fecundity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used the publicly available, longitudinal Tsimane\u2019 Amazonian Panel Study to test the association between -Hb levels and hazard of having a next birth (a measure of fecundity) among 116 parous, reproductive-aged Tsimane\u2019 women of Bolivia. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to model Hb level and other predictors against the event of next birth across the observation period, which began at each woman\u2019s previous birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The higher the Hb level, the lower the hazard of a woman giving birth within the study observation period (hazard ratio=0.82, P = 0.03). However, there was no evidence that low Hb reduced women\u2019s fecundity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results demonstrate that high Hb influences women\u2019s fecundity. These results supports the growing body of literature showing that iron metabolism is critical for understanding the evolution of women\u2019s reproduction. More work is needed to determine the evolved optimal range of iron levels for reproductive-aged women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lower chance of pregnancy among Tsimane\u2019 women with high Hb levels, suggesting evolved optimal Hb levels in women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoz020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T15:12:18Z","timestamp":1562080338000},"page":"111-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron and fecundity among Tsimane\u2019 women of Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5046-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, SOC107, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maie","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, SOC107, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019080601143483700_eoz020-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.881","article-title":"Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"54","author":"Ratledge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2019080601143483700_eoz020-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(01)00068-3","article-title":"Iron metabolism, free radicals, and oxidative injury","volume":"55","author":"Emerit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomed. 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