{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:43:58Z","timestamp":1782816238121,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The effectiveness of opiate treatment programs (OTPs) can be significantly influenced by co-occurring substance use, yet there are no standardized guidelines for assessing the influence of co-occurring substance use on treatment outcomes. In this review, we aim to provide an overview on the status of the assessment of co-occurring substance use during participation in OTPs in the United States. We searched 4 databases\u2014MEDLINE\/PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)\u2014from database inception to November 2018 to select relevant publications on OTPs that assessed participants\u2019 co-occurring substance use. We used a standardized protocol to extract study, intervention, and co-occurring substance use characteristics. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Of the 3,219 titles screened, 614 abstracts and 191 full-text original publications were assessed, leaving 85 eligible articles. Co-occurring substance use was most often assessed during opioid treatments using combined (pharmacological and behavioral) (n\u00a0=\u00a057 studies) and pharmacological (n\u00a0=\u00a025 studies) interventions. Cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and benzodiazepines were frequently measured, while amphetamines and tobacco were rarely assessed. Great variation existed between studies in the timing and measurement of co-occurring substance use, as well as definitions for substances and polysubstance\/polydrug use. Inconsistencies in the investigation of co-occurring substance use make comparison of results across studies challenging. Standardized measures and consensus on research on co-occurring substance use is needed to produce the evidence required to develop personalized treatment programs for persons using multiple substances and to inform best-practice guidelines for addressing polydrug use during participation in OTPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxaa009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T19:31:36Z","timestamp":1602617496000},"page":"79-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of Co-Occurring Substance Use During Opiate Treatment Programs in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Mirinda Ann","family":"Gormley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney T","family":"Blondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DaShaunda D H","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Lowery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney C","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C","family":"Prom-Wormley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021505084232400_ref1","volume-title":"The ASAM Principles of Addiction Medicine","author":"Miller","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021021505084232400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000069","article-title":"Polysubstance use: diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health","volume":"27","author":"Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021021505084232400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.031","article-title":"Polydrug use disorders in individuals with opioid use disorder","volume":"198","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2021021505084232400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.030","article-title":"Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders among adults with opioid use disorder","volume":"197","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021505084232400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00236.x","article-title":"Understanding polydrug use: review of heroin and cocaine co-use","volume":"98","author":"Leri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2021021505084232400_ref6","volume-title":"Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs: A Treatment Improvement Protocol. 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