{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T18:47:20Z","timestamp":1785696440142,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.A460.25.57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A460.25.57"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDUB.A46B.24.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDUB.A46B.24.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heart failure (HF) management has evolved substantially over recent decades, transitioning from predominantly symptomatic treatment to a strategy grounded in disease-modifying therapies that improve survival and reduce hospitalizations. This review provides a structured and clinically oriented synthesis of landmark randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have shaped contemporary guideline-directed medical therapy across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Evidence from pivotal large-scale RCTs is presented according to pharmacological classes, encompassing both foundational and selected adjunctive therapies. In HF with reduced LVEF, multiple drug classes consistently reduce mortality and HF hospitalizations, forming the basis of contemporary quadruple therapy. In contrast, evidence in HF with mildly reduced or preserved LVEF remains more heterogeneous, with sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors emerging as the only class with consistent benefit across the full LVEF spectrum. Additional therapies, including digoxin, vericiguat, intravenous iron, and emerging incretin-based agents, provide incremental benefits in selected clinical contexts. Differences in trial populations, design, and background therapy limit direct comparisons but highlight the progressive refinement of HF treatment strategies. Despite the strength of the evidence base, a persistent gap remains between guideline recommendations and real-world implementation. Bridging this gap, improving representation of under-represented populations in clinical trials, and advancing precision medicine approaches remain key priorities for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eschf\/xvag141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:46:16Z","timestamp":1779277576000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Landmark clinical trials shaping contemporary guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5426-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Tkaczyszyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Clinical Department of Intensive Cardiac Care, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556 ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Jan Mikulicz Radecki University Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw , Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kap\u0142on-Cie\u015blicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Janiszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw , Kondratowicza 8, Warsaw 03-242 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Klimczak-Tomaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw , Kondratowicza 8, Warsaw 03-242 ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Mazovian Br\u00f3dno Hospital , Kondratowicza 8, Warsaw 03-242 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"J\u0119drzejczyk-Patej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases , Zabrze ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Burchardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, J. Strus Hospital , Poznan ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Hypertension, Angiology, and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Abdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University , Homburg\/Saar ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2976-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HOMICAREM (HOMburg Institute for CArdioREnalMetabolic Medicine), Faculty of Medicine, Campus Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University , Homburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3197-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Chioncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u2018Prof. C. C. Iliescu\u2019, University of Medicine \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 , Bucharest ,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9200-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre D'Investigation Clinique Plurith\u00e9matique 1433, Inserm U1116, CHRU de Nancy , Nancy ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network , Nancy ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"REICATRA, Recherche et Enseignement en IC Avanc\u00e9e, Transplantation, Assistance , Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cobo Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro , C\/Joaqu\u00edn Rodrigo 2, Madrid 28222 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) Cardiovascular , C\/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Madrid 28029 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zymli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Clinical Department of Intensive Cardiac Care, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556 ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Jan Mikulicz Radecki University Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw , Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine , University of Valencia, Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Metra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiologic Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia , Brescia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Ponikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Clinical Department of Intensive Cardiac Care, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556 ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Jan Mikulicz Radecki University Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw , Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(50)90299-7","article-title":"The discovery of the organic mercurial diuretics","volume":"39","author":"Vogl","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1966.tb41217.x","article-title":"Clinical use of furosemide","volume":"139","author":"Reubi","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F958","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00476.2015","article-title":"Everything we always wanted to know about furosemide but were afraid to ask","volume":"310","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1369","article-title":"The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"21","author":"Mullens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001063","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4081\/cardio.2025.68","article-title":"The global implementation guidelines initiative: how to optimize cardio-renal-metabolic care worldwide","volume":"3","author":"Pinto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4081\/cardio.2025.70","article-title":"iCARDIO alliance global implementation guidelines on heart failure 2025","volume":"3","author":"Chopra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15389","article-title":"Early in-hospital treatment of acute heart failure. Part 2 of the international expert opinion series on AHF management","volume":"12","author":"Naidu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15437","article-title":"Worsening versus advanced heart failure: management and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15275","article-title":"Early diuretic response and outcome prediction in ambulatory worsening heart failure: natriuresis versus diuresis","volume":"12","author":"Cobo Marcos","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14920","article-title":"Loop diuretics in heart failure: the objective markers to guide the therapy are needed","volume":"11","author":"Biegus","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14749","article-title":"Loop diuretic down-titration at discharge in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Croset","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15005","article-title":"Time to intravenous diuretic administration in patients hospitalized with heart failure: an observational study","volume":"11","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3103","article-title":"Risk of readmission and death after hospitalization for worsening heart failure: Role of post-discharge follow-up visits in a real-world study from the Grand Est Region of France","volume":"26","author":"Baudry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf218","article-title":"Cardiologist follow-up and improved outcomes of heart failure: a French nationwide cohort","volume":"46","author":"Baudry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae345","article-title":"Loop diuretic therapy with or without heart failure: impact on prognosis","volume":"45","author":"Friday","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3423","article-title":"Decongestion in acute heart failure: is it time to change diuretic-centred paradigm?","volume":"26","author":"Biegus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.04.055","article-title":"Effects of rapid uptitration of neurohormonal blockade on effective, sustainable decongestion and outcomes in STRONG-HF","volume":"84","author":"Biegus","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2025.03.010","article-title":"Diuretic de-escalation in response to HF therapy: are we closer to reduced reliance on diuretics?","volume":"13","author":"Biegus","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706043162301","article-title":"Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)","volume":"316","author":"CONSENSUS Trial Study Group","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250501","article-title":"Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure","volume":"325","author":"Yusuf","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271001","article-title":"Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators","volume":"327","author":"Pfeffer","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B24","first-page":"821","article-title":"Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators","volume":"342","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512213332503","article-title":"A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group","volume":"333","author":"K\u00f8ber","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.23.2312","article-title":"Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group","volume":"100","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl250","article-title":"The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study","volume":"27","author":"Cleland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02213-3","article-title":"Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial\u2013the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II","volume":"355","author":"Pitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010713","article-title":"A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure","volume":"345","author":"Cohn","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14284-5","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-alternative trial","volume":"362","author":"Granger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14283-3","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-added trial","volume":"362","author":"McMurray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032292","article-title":"Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both","volume":"349","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09895-1","article-title":"Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal trial in myocardial infarction with angiotensin ii antagonist losartan","volume":"360","author":"Dickstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61913-9","article-title":"Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"374","author":"Konstam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14285-7","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-preserved trial","volume":"362","author":"Yusuf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805450","article-title":"Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"359","author":"Massie","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812851","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"380","author":"Velazquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1498","article-title":"Initiation of sacubitril\/valsartan in haemodynamically stabilised heart failure patients in hospital or early after discharge: primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study","volume":"21","author":"Wachter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-024-10471-1","article-title":"Sacubitril\/valsartan in a wide spectrum of heart failure patients (from mechanisms of action to outcomes in specific populations)","volume":"30","author":"Rajzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15443","article-title":"Impact of early intensive GDMT on LVEF recovery and ICD decision making in de Novo HFrEF","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908655","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586","article-title":"Sacubitril\/valsartan across the Spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure","volume":"141","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad195","article-title":"2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"44","author":"McDonagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04440-2","article-title":"Effect of metoprolol CR\/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR\/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF)","volume":"353","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11181-9","article-title":"The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial","volume":"353","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442201","article-title":"Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure","volume":"344","author":"Packer","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi115","article-title":"Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS)","volume":"26","author":"Flather","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04560-8","article-title":"Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial","volume":"357","author":"Dargie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605233342101","article-title":"The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group","volume":"334","author":"Packer","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442202","article-title":"A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure","volume":"344","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.7.883","article-title":"beta-blocker therapy in heart failure: scientific review","volume":"287","author":"Foody","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP39383","article-title":"Beta-blockers and heart failure: meta-analysis of mortality trials","volume":"39","author":"Cleophas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92930-R","article-title":"Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group","volume":"342","author":"Waagstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.4.1765","article-title":"A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). CIBIS Investigators and Committees","volume":"90","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-13-52","article-title":"beta-blockers for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Al-Gobari","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx564","article-title":"Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials","volume":"39","author":"Cleland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.046","article-title":"Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: data from SENIORS (study of effects of nebivolol intervention on outcomes and rehospitalization in seniors with heart failure)","volume":"53","author":"van Veldhuisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61373-8","article-title":"Efficacy of \u03b2 blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis","volume":"384","author":"Kotecha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-014-9453-8","article-title":"Beta-blockers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Bavishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs141","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Japanese Diastolic Heart Failure Study (J-DHF)","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr161","article-title":"Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study","volume":"14","author":"Conraads","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.073","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-blocker withdrawal on functional capacity in heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"78","author":"Palau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","article-title":"Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"348","author":"Pitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009492","article-title":"Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms","volume":"364","author":"Zannad","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313731","article-title":"Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"370","author":"Pitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013255","article-title":"Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the treatment of preserved cardiac function heart failure with an aldosterone antagonist (TOPCAT) Trial","volume":"131","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407107","article-title":"Finerenone in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"391","author":"Solomon","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01733-1","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure: an individual patient level meta-analysis","volume":"404","author":"Jhund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14857","article-title":"2024 update in heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Beghini","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15408","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of heart failure: a scientific statement of the HFA and the HFAI","volume":"12","author":"Metra","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2967","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in heart failure: potential decongestive mechanisms and current clinical studies","volume":"25","author":"Biegus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac530","article-title":"Impact of empagliflozin on decongestion in acute heart failure: the EMPULSE trial","volume":"44","author":"Biegus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejhf\/xuaf019","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in heart failure. How durable is the decongestive effect?","author":"Guzik","year":"18, 2026","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31824-9","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-reduced and DAPA-HF trials","volume":"396","author":"Zannad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206286","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"387","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01429-5","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: a comprehensive meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials","volume":"400","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01659-1","article-title":"The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a multinational randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Voors","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030183","article-title":"Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure","volume":"384","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15393","article-title":"Empagliflozin after myocardial infarction with or without diabetes and chronic kidney disease: insights from EMPACT-MI","volume":"12","author":"Fioretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15170","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency in acute and chronic heart failure according to different clinical definitions","volume":"12","author":"Lanser","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14724","article-title":"Iron deficiency and incident heart failure in older community-dwelling individuals","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4081\/cardio.2024.39","article-title":"Exercise capacity, iron deficiency and depressive symptoms in patients with asymptomatic chronic systolic heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Aland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4081\/cardio.2024.53","article-title":"The association of iron deficiency with right ventricular dysfunction in Africans with heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Akintunde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15157","article-title":"Iron deficiency in heart failure: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment modalities","volume":"12","author":"von Haehling","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14905","article-title":"Intravenous iron therapy for heart failure and iron deficiency: an updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32339-4","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02083-9","article-title":"Intravenous ferric derisomaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency in the UK (IRONMAN): an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial","volume":"400","author":"Kalra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3742","article-title":"Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency (FAIR-HF2 DZHK05 trial): sex-specific outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Karakas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304968","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency","volume":"389","author":"Mentz","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03671-1","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravenous iron therapy for patients with heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Anker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4081\/cardio.2025.82","article-title":"Iron supplementation in heart failure and iron deficiency: does it help?","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915928","article-title":"Vericiguat in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"382","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01665-4","article-title":"Vericiguat in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (VICTOR): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"406","author":"Butler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01682-4","article-title":"Vericiguat for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction across the risk spectrum: an individual participant data analysis of the VICTORIA and VICTOR trials","volume":"406","author":"Zannad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2006.03.006","article-title":"Funny channels in the control of cardiac rhythm and mode of action of selective blockers","volume":"53","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831020-00001","article-title":"I f inhibition with ivabradine: electrophysiological effects and safety","volume":"31","author":"Savelieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61198-1","article-title":"Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study","volume":"376","author":"Swedberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-012-0467-8","article-title":"Heart rate at baseline influences the effect of ivabradine on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic heart failure: analysis from the SHIFT study","volume":"102","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.876","article-title":"Effect of ivabradine in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the EDIFY randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Komajda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702203360801","article-title":"The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure","volume":"336","author":"Digitalis Investigation Group","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628347","article-title":"Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial","volume":"114","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415471","article-title":"Digitoxin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"393","author":"Bavendiek","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"9","author":"Sattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14997","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled outcome trials","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","article-title":"Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity","volume":"389","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2313917","article-title":"Semaglutide in patients with obesity-related heart failure and type 2 diabetes","volume":"390","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00469-0","article-title":"Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials","volume":"403","author":"Butler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140532","article-title":"Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist","volume":"5","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03896-z","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial","volume":"86","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.06.058","article-title":"Influence of type 2 diabetes on the effects of tirzepatide in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction with obesity: a prespecified stratification-based analysis","volume":"86","author":"Packer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10260","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide on clinical stability among patients with advanced heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Margulies","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14862","article-title":"Risk of adverse events with liraglutide in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a post hoc analysis of the FIGHT trial","volume":"25","author":"Neves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.657","article-title":"Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)-a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Jorsal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3478","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes with exenatide in type 2 diabetes according to ejection fraction: the EXSCEL trial","volume":"27","author":"Neves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Lincoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5942","article-title":"Global variations in heart failure etiology, management, and outcomes","volume":"329","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14687","article-title":"Heart failure care in the Central and Eastern Europe and Baltic region: status, barriers, and routes to improvement","volume":"11","author":"Chioncel","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eschf\/xvag044","article-title":"Attitudes toward using single-pill combination (polypill) therapy in heart failure: patients\u2019 and physicians\u2019 perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Biegus","year":"2026","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-024-00028-4","article-title":"Consistency of HFrEF treatment effect in underrepresented groups in randomized clinical trials","volume":"1","author":"Baudry","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Cardiovasc Health"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02076-1","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and efficacy of up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapies for acute heart failure (STRONG-HF): a multinational, open-label, randomised, trial","volume":"400","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15156","article-title":"Socio-economic status and the effect of guideline-directed medical therapy in the STRONG-HF study","volume":"12","author":"Damasceno","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.4553","article-title":"Optimization of evidence-based heart failure medications after an acute heart failure admission: a secondary analysis of the STRONG-HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Cotter","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.15.1682","article-title":"Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials","volume":"162","author":"Heiat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2559","article-title":"Enrollment of older patients, women, and racial and ethnic minorities in contemporary heart failure clinical trials: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Tahhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3039","article-title":"Non-cardiac comorbidities and intensive up-titration of oral treatment in patients recently hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the STRONG-HF trial","volume":"25","author":"Chioncel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2882","article-title":"Sex-specific analysis of the rapid up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapies after a hospitalization for acute heart failure: insights from the STRONG-HF trial","volume":"25","author":"Cerlinskaite-Bajore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2920","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and efficacy of up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapies for acute heart failure in elderly patients: a sub-analysis of the STRONG-HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Arrigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14863","article-title":"Guideline-directed medical therapy implementation during hospitalization for cardiogenic shock","volume":"12","author":"Dimond","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080109512687600_xvag141-B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14705","article-title":"Guideline-directed medical therapy assessment in heart failure patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair","volume":"11","author":"Kresoja","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["ESC Heart Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eschf\/xvag141\/68371476\/xvag141.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/13\/4\/xvag141\/68371476\/xvag141.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article-pdf\/13\/4\/xvag141\/68371476\/xvag141.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T18:23:01Z","timestamp":1785694981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eschf\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/eschf\/xvag141\/8691029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eschf\/xvag141","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-5822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-5822","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"article-number":"xvag141"}}