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Reference sites were in the lower St. Marys River (herring gulls and Caspian terns), eastern Lake Superior (terns), and eastern Lake Huron (black-crowned night herons). Relative risk ratios for embryonic nonviability (from both infertility and mortality) in gull embryos were 2\u20133-fold higher than the reference site in both AOCs and Grand Traverse Bay. Twelve of 13 deformed embryos and chicks (e.g., crossed bills and gastroschisis) were observed at the contaminated sites. Productivity of 4-week-old tern chicks in Saginaw Bay was 35% lower than that at reference sites. In the River Raisin AOC, productivity of 4-week gull chicks was poor in 7 of 10\u2009years. Numbers of breeding herring gulls decreased significantly in the River Raisin AOC, and breeding Caspian terns, a state-threatened species, declined in the Saginaw River and Bay AOC. The mean T cell-dependent phytohemagglutinin skin response was suppressed 50%\u201356% in gull chicks in both AOCs and Grand Traverse Bay, and 49% in terns and 33% in herons in Saginaw Bay. Antibody responses in gull chicks in the River Raisin AOC and Grand Traverse Bay were 1.6\u20132-fold lower than reference. Time trend analyses showed no significant improvements in reproductive and immune endpoints in either AOC or Grand Traverse Bay over the study period. Embryonic death increased with time in gulls in the lower Saginaw Bay, and antibody responses decreased in terns in the outer Saginaw Bay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgae001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T09:40:03Z","timestamp":1736156403000},"page":"77-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monitoring and assessment of population, reproductive, and health effects in colonial waterbirds breeding at contaminated Great Lakes sites in Michigan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Keith A","family":"Grasman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Great Lakes Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Laboratory, Calvin University , Grand Rapids, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Annis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan Ecological Services Field Office , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Eakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan Ecological Services Field Office , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan Ecological Services Field Office , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa L","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan Ecological Services Field Office , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B1","author":"Bowerman","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/etc5620220218","article-title":"Associations between regional differences in polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in blood of nestling bald eagles and reproductive productivity","volume":"22","author":"Bowerman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142797","article-title":"A decade of data and hundreds of analytes: Legacy and emerging chemicals in North American herring gull plasma","volume":"363","author":"Brady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/etc2070","article-title":"Effects-based marine ecological risk assessment at a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated site in Saglek, Labrador, Canada","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B5","author":"Bush","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B6","author":"Bush","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B7","author":"Bush","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1675\/063.039.sp117","article-title":"Forty-year decline of organic contaminants in eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Great Lakes, 1974 to 2013","volume":"39","author":"de Solla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waterbirds"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/1590619","article-title":"Primary and secondary wattle swelling response to phytohemagglutinin as a measure of immunocompetence in chickens","volume":"30","author":"Edelman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Avian Diseases"},{"key":"2025020409563942400_vgae001-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400490258873","article-title":"Avian immunotoxicology","volume":"7","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 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