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Our study aimed to simulate realistic exposure scenarios for Brazilian sugarcane crop fields. Pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and fipronil were sprayed on natural soil at recommended doses (234.5\u2009g\/ha and 400\u2009g\/ha, respectively) and the experiments were maintained at 25\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009\u00b0C with a 12:12-hr light:dark photoperiod for 21\u2009days. Rain events were simulated twice a week (Days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, and 18). For the ecotoxicity evaluation of these pesticides, isolated and in mixture, Japanese turnip (Raphanus sativus var. acanthioformis) and onion (Allium cepa) seeds were introduced into the microcosms, and soil samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment for tests with the springtail Folsomia candida. Results showed that both plant species were negatively affected by exposure to 2,4-D. However, R. sativus was more sensitive than A. cepa, showing greater reductions in biomass (75.3%) and growth (55.4%). Fipronil and its metabolites (fipronil-sulfide and fipronil-sulfone) were toxic to the springtail F. candida, reducing up to 40.12% in reproduction. There were no differences between the toxicity of the mixture and fipronil for springtails and between the mixture and 2,4-D for both plants. Our results suggest adverse effects of 2,4-D and fipronil on soil ecosystems even at concentrations derived from the recommended dosages for sugarcane crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T12:27:17Z","timestamp":1744892837000},"page":"1965-1974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Field application doses of fipronil and 2,4-D and toxic effects on non-target soil organisms: a microcosm-level approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Lucas Lopes","family":"Caldas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering Sciences (PPG-SEA), Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology (LEEA), Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation (SHS), S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o 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Silva","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Aparecida","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB), Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , Pirassununga,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Telma de Oliveira","family":"Zacharias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassiana Carolina","family":"Montagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas, S\u00e3o 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