{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:25:10Z","timestamp":1786512310325,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 YFD1700100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 YFD1700100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Flufenacet is an aryloxy acetamide herbicide. The potential risks of flufenacet to the aquatic ecosystem remain unclear. In this study, the acute toxicity and developmental toxic effects of flufenacet on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assessed at three different life stages: embryo, larvae, and adult. Larvae at 3\u2009days posthatch and adult zebrafish exhibited higher sensitivity to flufenacet than embryos. The 96-hr median lethal concentration values ranked as embryos (9.79\u2009\u00b1\u20091.22\u2009mg\/L) &amp;gt; adults (4.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56\u2009mg\/L) and larvae (3.89\u2009\u00b1\u20090.98\u2009mg\/L), highlighting larvae as the most sensitive life stage. Flufenacet exhibited moderate acute toxicity to adult zebrafish. Flufenacet exposure induced various developmental abnormalities in zebrafish, including increased mortality, delayed hatching, reduced voluntary movement, inhibited hatching rate, shortened body length, bent spine, and edema in the pericardial and yolk sac regions. Additionally, the expression levels of ache, mbp, gap43, and syn2a were dose-dependently downregulated following exposure to various concentrations of flufenacet, indicating neurotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos. Specifically, the expression of gata4 and nkx2.5 was significantly downregulated only in the 5\u2009mg\/L of flufenacet treatment group, whereas tbx5 and myh6 expression showed a dose-dependent significant downregulation. The myl7 expression was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that flufenacet may induce zebrafish cardiac dysplasia through modulation of cardiac-related genes (nkx2.5, tbx5, gata4, myl7, and myh6). Expression of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid\u2013axis-related genes (crh, tsh\u03b2, tra, trb, and dio2) was significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner, indicating potential endocrine disruption of the thyroid gland in zebrafish embryos. These results contribute additional evidence regarding the aquatic toxicity of flufenacet, which is crucial for environmental risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:20:56Z","timestamp":1746058856000},"page":"1994-2003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toxic effects of flufenacet on zebrafish at various developmental stages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080404014171900_vgaf108-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10010022","article-title":"Behavioral effects of buspirone in juvenile zebrafish of two different genetic backgrounds","volume":"10","author":"Abozaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2025080404014171900_vgaf108-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2023.109735","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of flufenacet including vascular, liver, and pancreas defects is mediated by apoptosis and alters the Mapk and PI3K\/Akt signal transduction in zebrafish","volume":"273","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 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