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One of its targets is the heart, but its mode of action on the electrical excitability of fish heart is poorly known. To address this, we investigated the acute effects of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) on the heart of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at three levels of biological organization: (a) electrocardiogram of perfused whole hearts ex vivo (the whole heart level), (b) action potentials (APs; the cellular level), and (c) ion channel currents of isolated ventricular myocytes (molecular level). Whole hearts and myocytes were exposed to 0.1\u201310\u2009\u00b5M HgCl2. In ventricular myocytes, Hg2+ inhibited L-type Ca2+ (ICaL) and fast Na+ current (INa), the two major inward (depolarizing) currents of fish hearts, in a concentration-dependent manner. The INa and ICaL were inhibited with half-maximal effect (IC50 value) at 0.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04 and 0.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u2009\u00b5M, respectively. Of the two major outward (repolarizing) K+ currents, IKr was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009\u00b5M, while IK1 current was totally resistant to Hg2+. The inhibition of sarcolemmal ion currents caused prominent changes in the shape of ventricular AP. Action potential duration at 50% and 90% (APD50, APD90) level of repolarization was prolonged, while the early plateau (APD10) was markedly shortened. The long plateau phase was accompanied by early and delayed afterdepolarizations, leading to triggered APs. At the level of perfused whole hearts, the molecular and cellular level changes appeared as arrhythmias that were characterized by bradycardia, atrioventricular block, prolongation the duration of ventricular AP and triggered activity. Cardiotoxicity of Hg2+ can weaken cardiac function in fish. This effect may be exacerbated when combined with high temperature stress, as both factors have a similar mode of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:48:55Z","timestamp":1747738135000},"page":"2206-2220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of inorganic mercury (HgCl2) on electrical excitability of rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>) heart"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Badr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University , Sohag,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Haverinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Vornanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073101513330100_vgaf128-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193607","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.193607","article-title":"Temperature and external K+ dependence of electrical excitation in ventricular myocytes of cod-like fishes","volume":"222","author":"Abramochkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"2025073101513330100_vgaf128-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.6.1526","article-title":"Heavy metals induce rapid calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from skeletal muscle","volume":"80","author":"Abramson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025073101513330100_vgaf128-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.436","article-title":"Climate and productivity affect total mercury concentration and bioaccumulation rate of fish along a spatial gradient of subarctic lakes","volume":"637","author":"Ahonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025073101513330100_vgaf128-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213343","article-title":"Sulfhydryl groups as targets of mercury toxicity","volume":"417","author":"Ajsuvakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews"},{"key":"2025073101513330100_vgaf128-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2007.05.008","article-title":"Accumulation and elimination of methylmercury in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) following dietary exposure","volume":"83","author":"Amlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicology"},{"key":"2025073101513330100_vgaf128-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R303","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00436.2017","article-title":"Electrical excitability of roach (Rutilus rutilus) ventricular myocytes: Effects of extracellular K+, temperature, and pacing frequency","volume":"315","author":"Badr","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. 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