{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:57:03Z","timestamp":1790287023283,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey\u2019s Environmental Health"},{"name":"Ecosystems Mission Area"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020375","name":"Jarislowsky Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Insecticide and fungicide seed coatings have become prevalent in conventional agriculture in recent decades. From 2015\u20132021, the AltEn bioenergy plant (Mead, Nebraska, USA) generated ethanol from almost 100% unused\/expired treated corn seeds. This use of these seeds for ethanol production resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of contaminated wastewater and solid residue, a portion of which was applied to surrounding farmland. To better understand the potential long-term environmental effects from the processing of treated seeds at this facility, five nearby stream sites were sampled in 2022 after the closure of the plant; these included two sites directly affected by AltEn, one upstream and two downstream of the affected sites. Water and sediment were collected in March through July, and algae and fish samples were collected in July for chemical analysis. Overall, 60 pesticide compounds (parents and transformation products) were detected in one or more matrices, including 23 fungicides, 20 insecticides, 16 herbicides, and one bacterial growth inhibitor. Pesticide results (maximum detection frequency, maximum concentration) varied substantially by environmental compartment: water (100% multiple pesticides, 4,600\u2009ng L\u22121 thiamethoxam transformation product [NOA-407475]), algae (100% multiple pesticides, 190\u2009ng g\u22121 atrazine), sediment (60% dithiopyr, 2.3\u2009ng g\u22121 acetochlor), and fish (20% pyraclostrobin, 2.2\u2009ng g\u22121 atrazine). Pesticides associated with treated corn seeds (e.g., insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam, fungicides fluoxastrobin and thiabendazole) were detected at significantly higher concentrations (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) in stream water from sites affected by the AltEn facility compared with nonaffected sites. Study results indicate that pesticides associated with the AltEn facility continue to be a source of contaminants to aquatic systems after the plant\u2019s closure in 2021.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T07:54:54Z","timestamp":1748591694000},"page":"2143-2153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pesticide concentrations in multiple physical and biological stream matrices are impacted by a bioenergy production facility receiving pesticide-coated corn seeds"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L","family":"Hladik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana W","family":"Kolpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Iowa City, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D","family":"De Parsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Science Laboratory, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, NE,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Bartelt-Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, NE,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda K","family":"Densmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Plains Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Lincoln, NE,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Madison, WI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Rus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Plains Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Lincoln, NE,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J","family":"Spurgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, NE,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany G","family":"Perrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Columbia, MO,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Columbia, MO,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie E","family":"Givens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Kotalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Columbia, MO,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Columbia, MO,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654512","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.654512","article-title":"Seed treatment with systemic fungicides: Time for review","volume":"12","author":"Ayesha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5605","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01305","article-title":"Surface and groundwater contamination, community and ecosystem exposures are the unintentional consequences from \u201crecycling\u201d treated seed products","volume":"55","author":"Bartelt-Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138550","article-title":"Multiresidue extraction of current-use pesticides from complex solid matrices using energized dispersive extraction with analysis by gas and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy","volume":"327","author":"Black","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B4","author":"Crop Data Management Systems, Inc","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141285","article-title":"Pesticide mixtures show potential toxicity to aquatic life in U.S. streams, water years 2013\u20132017","volume":"745","author":"Covert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1021\/es506141g","article-title":"Large-scale deployment of seed treatments has driven rapid increase in use of neonicotinoid insecticides and preemptive pest management in US field crops","volume":"49","author":"Douglas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP12678","article-title":"Adult organophosphate and carbamate insecticide exposure and sperm concentration: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"131","author":"Ellis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1021\/es072531u","article-title":"Pesticides in U.S. streams and groundwater","volume":"41","author":"Gilliom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14839","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03135","article-title":"Bee pollinator mortality due to pesticide-laden particulate matter from beef cattle feedyards","volume":"57","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B10","author":"Gross","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B11","author":"Gross","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.06.033","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of neonicotinoid insecticides in streams in a high corn and soybean producing region, USA","volume":"193","author":"Hladik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06388","article-title":"Environmental risks and challenges associated with neonicotinoid insecticides","volume":"52","author":"Hladik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c06821","article-title":"Food, beverage, and feedstock processing facility wastewater: A unique and underappreciated source of contaminants to U.S. streams","volume":"56","author":"Hubbard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B15","author":"Kassambara","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00062","article-title":"Approach for pesticide residue analysis for metabolite prothioconazole-desthio in animal origin food","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06625","article-title":"Inclusion of pesticide transformation products is key to estimating pesticide exposures and effects in small U.S. streams","volume":"55","author":"Mahler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.035","article-title":"Influence of sediment chemistry and sediment toxicity on macroinvertebrate communities across 99 wadable streams of the midwestern USA","volume":"599-600","author":"Moran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.156","article-title":"Complex mixtures of dissolved pesticides show potential aquatic toxicity in a synoptic study of midwestern U.S. streams","volume":"613-614","author":"Nowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B20","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13686","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02413","article-title":"Concerted evaluation of pesticides in soils of extensive grassland sites and organic and conventional vegetable fields facilitates the identification of major input processes","volume":"56","author":"Riedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.12.002","article-title":"Common pesticides disrupt critical ecological interactions","volume":"38","author":"Sargent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0793-y","article-title":"The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops","volume":"3","author":"Savary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B24","first-page":"176","article-title":"Leaching and sorption of neonicotinoid insecticides and fungicides from seed coatings","volume":"53","author":"Smalling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1029\/93WR00290","article-title":"Groundwater as a nonpoint source of atrazine and deethylatrazine in a river during base flow conditions","volume":"29","author":"Squillace","year":"1993","journal-title":"Water Resources Research"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Sushch","year":"2024","DOI":"10.5066\/P1MG7T7X"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6967","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20216967","article-title":"Levels of pesticide residues in household air and dust samples near a bioenergy plant using treated seed as feedstock","volume":"20","author":"Taiba","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114025","article-title":"Prenatal ambient pesticide exposure and childhood retinoblastoma","volume":"245","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1021\/es00022a018","article-title":"Herbicides in surface waters of the midwestern United States: Effects of the spring flush","volume":"25","author":"Thurman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieae034","article-title":"Honey bee colony behavior and ontogeny are adversely affected when exposed to a pesticide-contaminated environment","volume":"24","author":"Tokach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Science (Online)"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Turnipseed","year":"2010","DOI":"10.3133\/tm3A8"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B32","author":"University of Hertfordshire","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B33","author":"U.S. Code of Federal Regulation (CFR)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B34","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B35","author":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)","year":"2024","DOI":"10.5066\/F7P55KJN"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B37","author":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00065A","article-title":"Municipal wastewater as a year-round point source of neonicotinoid insecticides that persist in an effluent-dominated stream","volume":"23","author":"Webb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.387","article-title":"Fate and transport of nitrapyrin in agroecosystems: Occurrence in agricultural soils, subsurface drains, and receiving streams in the midwestern US","volume":"650","author":"Woodward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025073101513221500_vgaf139-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140941","article-title":"Pesticide residues in adults living near a bioenergy plant with 85,000 tons of contaminated wetcake","volume":"349","author":"Zahid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf139\/63405511\/vgaf139.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/44\/8\/2143\/63405511\/vgaf139.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/44\/8\/2143\/63405511\/vgaf139.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:51:43Z","timestamp":1753941103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/44\/8\/2143\/8153705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf139","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]}}}