{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T03:18:08Z","timestamp":1775618288084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["RTC2019-007261-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC2019-007261-5"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","award":["101000210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000210"]}]},{"name":"Talented Researcher Support Programme\u2014PlanGenT","award":["CIDEGENT\/2020\/043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIDEGENT\/2020\/043"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Soil ecosystems are considered important sinks for microplastics (MPs). However, the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of MPs on soil organisms have rarely been assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the chronic effects of a mixture of MPs on two model soil organisms, the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the springtail Folsomia candida. The MP mixture was composed of polymers and shapes frequently found in agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge, including high-density polyethylene and polypropylene fragments, and polyester fibers. The organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil to MP concentrations of 0%\u20131% dry soil for E. andrei, and 0%\u20135% for F. candida. This study shows that particle ingestion by E. andrei was proportional to MP exposure levels, and the size distribution taken up was similar to that observed in the exposure medium, suggesting nonselective uptake behavior. In contrast, very low ingestion levels of MPs were found for F. candida, even at the highest test concentration. No significant effects were found on survival, growth, or reproduction of E. andrei. However, significant adverse effects were found on the reproductive output (number of juveniles) and juvenile dry weight for F. candida, with a reduction of approximately 30% in both endpoints at the highest test concentration, and calculated No Observed Effect Concentrations of 0.4% and 1%, respectively. These adverse effects may have been caused by changes in soil properties, mobility reduction, and\/or the presence of plastic additives, instead of MP uptake. The comparison of MP exposure concentrations in soils obtained from the literature with the threshold concentrations derived for F. candida indicates insignificant environmental risks at current exposure levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:33:32Z","timestamp":1751373212000},"page":"2936-2947","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of microplastics on soil organisms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Alcal\u00e1 University, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Schell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula E","family":"Redondo-Hasselerharm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virtudes","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelis A M","family":"van Gestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04673-0","article-title":"Experimental exposure of Lumbricus terrestris to microplastics","volume":"231","author":"Baeza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164533","article-title":"Agricultural plastics as a potential threat to food security, health, and environment through soil pollution by microplastics: Problem definition","volume":"892","author":"Briassoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368","article-title":"Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal","volume":"671","author":"Corradini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138334","article-title":"Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment","volume":"724","author":"Crossman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19430","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06829","article-title":"Microplastic effect tests should use a standard heterogeneous mixture: Multifarious impacts among 16 benthic invertebrate species detected under ecologically relevant test conditions","volume":"57","author":"de Ruijter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14020","article-title":"Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"de Souza Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02066-9","article-title":"Quantification of microplastics in environmental samples via pressurized liquid extraction and pyrolysis-gas chromatography","volume":"411","author":"Dierkes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174667","article-title":"Reproduction, growth and oxidative stress in earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to conventional and biodegradable mulching film microplastics","volume":"948","author":"Forsell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B9","volume-title":"car: Companion to applied regression,","author":"Fox","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108508","article-title":"Microplastics alter soil structure and microbial community composition","volume":"185","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B11","volume-title":"Conventional and biodegradable plastics in agriculture","author":"Hann","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164068","article-title":"Variation in microplastic concentration, characteristics and distribution in sewage sludge & biosolids around the world","volume":"891","author":"Harley-Nyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2017.10.006","article-title":"Fate and occurrence of micro(nano)plastics in soils: Knowledge gaps and possible risks","volume":"1","author":"Hurley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B14","author":"James","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B15","author":"Jamovi","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116272","article-title":"Relative importance of aqueous leachate versus particle ingestion as uptake routes for microplastic additives (hexabromocyclododecane) to mussels","volume":"270","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2023092082","article-title":"The impact of microplastics on soil invertebrates","volume":"92","author":"Jemec Kokalj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemicals & Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.097","article-title":"Effects of polyethylene microplastics on the gut microbial community, reproduction and avoidance behaviors of the soil springtail, Folsomia candida","volume":"247","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147455","article-title":"Chitinase digestion for the analysis of microplastics in chitinaceous organisms using the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus L. as a model organism","volume":"786","author":"Kallenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.067","article-title":"Soil microplastics inhibit the movement of springtail species","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115255","article-title":"Edible size of polyethylene microplastics and their effects on springtail behavior","volume":"266","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113740","article-title":"Size-dependent effects of polystyrene plastic particles on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as related to soil physicochemical properties","volume":"258","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.37501\/soilsa\/131646","article-title":"Microplastic contamination in soil environment\u2014A review","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Science Annual"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00379","article-title":"Simplifying microplastic via continuous probability distributions for size, shape, and density","volume":"6","author":"Kooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117429","article-title":"Characterizing the multidimensionality of microplastics across environmental compartments","volume":"202","author":"Kooi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114980","article-title":"Microplastics as pollutants in agricultural soils","volume":"265","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutuzovi\u0107 D. H., Kutuzovi\u0107 B. H. (2013). Checklist of the earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710, 001\u2013030. 10.11646\/zootaxa.3710.1.1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3710.1.1"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147007","article-title":"Ecotoxicological effects of different size ranges of industrial-grade polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics on earthworms Eisenia fetida","volume":"783","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130766","article-title":"Effects of irrigation on the fate of microplastics in typical agricultural soil and freshwater environments in the upper irrigation area of the Yellow River","volume":"447","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.009","article-title":"Transport of microplastics by two collembolan species","volume":"225","author":"Maa\u00df","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B31","volume-title":"PMCMRplus: Calculation of pairwise multiple comparisons in R","author":"Mair","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2024.107104","article-title":"Fate and effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of microplastics in simple freshwater microcosms","volume":"276","author":"Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131274","article-title":"Effects of chemical and natural ageing on the release of potentially toxic metal additives in commercial PVC microplastics","volume":"283","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.975904","article-title":"Underestimated and ignored? The impacts of microplastic on soil invertebrates\u2014Current scientific knowledge and research needs","volume":"10","author":"M\u00f6hrke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04140","article-title":"Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin?","volume":"50","author":"Nizzetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264264496-en","volume-title":"Test No. 222: Earthworm reproduction test (","author":"OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264264601-en","volume-title":"Test No. 232: Collembolan reproduction test in soil, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 2","author":"OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2024.103640","article-title":"Pristine and UV-aged polyethylene microplastics\u2019 impact on gut microbiome and reproduction of earthworm Eisenia andrei","volume":"122","author":"Quigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Biology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B39","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368504221126676","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504221126676","article-title":"Microplastics in soil and freshwater: Understanding sources, distribution, potential impacts, and regulations for management","volume":"105","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science Progress"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05367","article-title":"Microplastic effect thresholds for freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates","volume":"52","author":"Redondo-Hasselerharm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133732","article-title":"Source-specific probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics in soils applying quality criteria and data alignment methods","volume":"467","author":"Redondo-Hasselerharm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172252","article-title":"The Plasticene era: Current uncertainties in estimates of the hazards posed by tiny plastic particles on soils and terrestrial invertebrates","volume":"927","author":"Renault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s0012","article-title":"Effects of different microplastic types and surfactant-microplastic mixtures under fasting and feeding conditions: A case study on Daphnia magna","volume":"103","author":"Renzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135299","article-title":"Plastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems: Current knowledge on impacts of micro and nano fragments on invertebrates","volume":"477","author":"Richard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.092","article-title":"Histopathological and molecular effects of microplastics in Eisenia andrei Bouch\u00e9","volume":"220","author":"Rodriguez-Seijo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1934-z","article-title":"ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data","volume":"18","author":"Rueden","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-023-00720-9","article-title":"Plastic contamination in agricultural soils: A review","volume":"35,","author":"Sa\u2019adu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118520","article-title":"Fate of microplastics in agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge: Is surface water runoff a relevant environmental pathway?","volume":"293","author":"Schell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5337","article-title":"Effects of polyester fibers and car tire particles on freshwater invertebrates","volume":"41","author":"Schell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1007\/398_2019_40","article-title":"Occurrence, fate and fluxes of plastics and microplastics in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems","volume":"250","author":"Schell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128136","article-title":"Shape, size, and polymer dependent effects of microplastics on Daphnia magna","volume":"426","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111495","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of microplastics and associated chemicals in the terrestrial environment\u2014Exposure of soil invertebrates to tire particles","volume":"201","author":"Selonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169469","article-title":"A global review on the abundance and threats of microplastics in soils to terrestrial ecosystem and human health","volume":"912","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5119","article-title":"In situ effects of a microplastic mixture on the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in a freshwater pond","volume":"41","author":"Stankovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.7.2660-2669.1998","article-title":"The gut of the soil microarthropod Folsomia candida (Collembola) is a frequently changeable but selective habitat and a vector for microorganisms","volume":"64","author":"Thimm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.01.003","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of solvent-based additive extraction methods for plastic recycling","volume":"104","author":"\u00dcgd\u00fcler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114198","article-title":"Sewage sludge application as a vehicle for microplastics in eastern Spanish agricultural soils","volume":"261","author":"Van Den Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175097","article-title":"Multigenerational toxicity of microplastics derived from two types of agricultural mulching films to Folsomia candida","volume":"949","author":"Van Loon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127531","article-title":"Effects of microplastics on soil properties: Current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"424","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-023-03689-3","article-title":"Review of microplastics in soils: State-of-the-art occurrence, transport, and investigation methods","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115390","article-title":"The effects of polyethylene microplastics on the growth, reproduction, metabolic enzymes, and metabolomics of earthworms Eisenia fetida","volume":"263","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.855292","article-title":"Microplastics as an emerging environmental pollutant in agricultural soils: Effects on ecosystems and human health","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.149","article-title":"Effects of polyester microfibers on soil physical properties: Perception from a field and a pot experiment","volume":"670","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07905","article-title":"An overlooked entry pathway of microplastics into agricultural soils from application of sludge-based fertilizers","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.675803","article-title":"Microplastics increase soil pH and decrease microbial activities as a function of microplastic shape, polymer type, and exposure time","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2025093001515380900_vgaf168-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2017.10.027","article-title":"Exposure of soil collembolans to microplastics perturbs their gut microbiota and alters their isotopic composition","volume":"116","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf168\/63637416\/vgaf168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/44\/10\/2936\/63637416\/vgaf168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/44\/10\/2936\/63637416\/vgaf168.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T05:52:24Z","timestamp":1759211544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/44\/10\/2936\/8180513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}