{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:16:44Z","timestamp":1793503004279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Phthalates (PAEs) are high-production synthetic compounds primarily used as plasticizers in plastic products to help with manufactured substance flexibility, pliability, and reduce environmental degradation. Phthalates have been detected in various manufactured goods ranging from food packaging to personal care products to water bottles. Unfortunately, recent studies have shown evidence of endocrine disruption and adverse effects on reproductive systems following PAE exposure in both males and females. This study aimed to quantify PAE residues that leached from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into drinking water over a 35-day period placed either in an indoor UV chamber or outside. Using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry coupled with direct immersion solid phase microextraction fibers, the highest total PAE concentration in bottles exposed indoors was 451\u2009\u00b1\u2009366.5\u2009\u00b5g\/L with butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) concentrations being the highest individual concentration (297.6\u2009\u00b1\u2009284.3\u2009\u00b5g\/L). In the outdoor exposure group, the highest total PAE concentration was 546.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009217.5\u2009\u00b5g\/L, with BBP being at the highest concentration (395.4\u2009\u00b1\u2009189.3\u2009\u00b5g\/L). A subsequent risk assessment was conducted quantifying the risk associated with adults consuming leachate found in bottled water in various countries across North America, Asia, and Europe. Using standard reference values and experimental values expressed here, it was found that there was no calculated risk associated with consuming this bottled water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T14:47:18Z","timestamp":1755528438000},"page":"3614-3621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantification and risk assessment of phthalate leachate from single-use consumer plastics using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7870-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachery A","family":"Kasuske","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C","family":"Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Analytical Chemistry and Odor Profiling Laboratory, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank B","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola A","family":"Prada-Tiedemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Analytical Chemistry and Odor Profiling Laboratory, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn E","family":"Ca\u00f1as-Carrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398909531232","article-title":"Effects of parenteral di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on gonadal biochemistry, pathology, and reproductive performance of mice","volume":"26","author":"Agarwal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B2","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.36.469","article-title":"Phthalates residues in plastic bottled waters","volume":"36","author":"Al-Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135214","article-title":"Determination of phthalates in bottled waters using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"304","author":"Alshehri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B5","author":"American Chemical Council (ACC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw248","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to DEHP induces premature reproductive senescence in male mice","volume":"156","author":"Barakat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2017.02.007","article-title":"Solid phase extraction using molecular imprinted polymers for phthalate determination in water and wine samples by HPLC-ESI-MS","volume":"132","author":"Barciela-Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchemical Journal"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-378612-8.00219-5","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Food Safety","author":"Benson","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev219","article-title":"Associations between urinary phthalate concentrations and semen quality parameters in a general population","volume":"30","author":"Bloom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45009","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45009","article-title":"Estimated daily intake and cumulative risk assessment of phthalates in the general Taiwanese after the 2011 DEHP food scandal","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B11","author":"Diaz-Loar","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ckac131.556","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac131.556","article-title":"Measured vs self-reported overweight\/obesity in the Italian adult population: CUORE Project 2018-19","volume":"32","author":"Donfrancesco","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264778","article-title":"Trends of overweight, obesity and anthropometric measurements among the adult population in Italy: The CUORE Project health examination surveys 1998, 2008, and 2018","volume":"17","author":"Donfrancesco","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B14","author":"European Commission","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B15","author":"European Parliament and the Council of the European Union","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B16","author":"European Parliament and the Council of the European Union","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B17","author":"European Union","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B18","author":"Friedman","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128410","article-title":"Unpacking the complexity of the PET drink bottles value chain: A chemicals perspective","volume":"430","author":"Gerassimidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16336","DOI":"10.1021\/jp409254y","article-title":"Molecular structural changes of plasticized PVC after UV light exposure","volume":"117","author":"Hankett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Chemistry. B"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B21","author":"Health Information System Development Office (HISO)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186811","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of phthalates\u2019 action on reproductive processes and reproductive health: A literature review","volume":"17","author":"Hlisn\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1990.10389587","article-title":"Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values","volume":"5","author":"Hornung","year":"1990","journal-title":"Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B24","author":"International Conference on Harmonisation","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf084","article-title":"Photo-induced degradation of single-use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics under laboratory and outdoor environmental conditions","volume":"44","author":"Kasuske","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808201600908","article-title":"A review of possible toxicity of DI-2-Ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) in plastic intravenous containers: Effects on reproduction","volume":"16","author":"Kaul","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.04.056","article-title":"Study on the leaching of phthalates from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into mineral water","volume":"458-460","author":"Keresztes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117203","article-title":"Enhanced in vitro toxicity of plastic leachates after UV irradiation","volume":"199","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.10.031","article-title":"Determination of organic compounds in bottled waters","volume":"108","author":"Leivadara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B30","author":"Liu","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)01363-2","article-title":"Solid-phase microextraction of phthalates from water","volume":"938","author":"Luks-Betlej","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. A"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.02.006","article-title":"Reproductive effects in F1 adult females exposed in utero to moderate to high doses of mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP)","volume":"34","author":"Moyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-022-03474-x","article-title":"Migration of plasticizers from polyethylene terephthalate and low-density polyethylene casing into bottled water: A case study from India","volume":"109","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B34","author":"National Center for Health Statistics (US)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B35","author":"National Survey of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.05.036","article-title":"Improved method for rapid detection of phthalates in bottled water by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"997","author":"Otero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. B"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.08.011","article-title":"Association between phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in 1066 Chinese men of reproductive age","volume":"300","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6403","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08364","article-title":"Cumulative risk evaluation of phthalates under TSCA","volume":"57","author":"Payne-Sturges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)00920-7","article-title":"Comparison of different fibers for the solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from water","volume":"922","author":"Pe\u00f1alver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography A"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052130","article-title":"Evaluation of the occurrence of phthalates in plastic materials used in food packaging","volume":"11","author":"Perestrelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.05.014","article-title":"Recycling of plastic waste: Presence of phthalates in plastics from households and industry","volume":"54","author":"Pivnenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B42","author":"Plastics Recyclers Europe","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.12.040","article-title":"Multivariate optimization of a solid-phase microextraction method for the analysis of phthalate esters in environmental waters","volume":"1072","author":"Polo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. A"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(03)00390-X","article-title":"Hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from water","volume":"999","author":"Psillakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography A"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B45","author":"Rodwan","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2022-0183","volume-title":"Reviews on Environmental Health","author":"Steimel","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23620","article-title":"Understanding intentionally and non-intentionally added substances and associated threshold of toxicological concern in post-consumer polyolefin for use as food packaging materials","volume":"10","author":"Tumu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137175","article-title":"Safety of recycled plastics and textiles: Review on the detection, identification and safety assessment of contaminants","volume":"312","author":"Undas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B49","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Phthalates","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B50","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B51","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9050603","article-title":"Phthalates and their impacts on human health","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130256","article-title":"Leaching of phthalate acid esters from plastic mulch films and their degradation in response to UV irradiation and contrasting soil conditions","volume":"443","author":"Viljoen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.201400564","article-title":"Combination of solid-phase micro-extraction and direct analysis in real time-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for sensitive and rapid analysis of 15 phthalate plasticizers in beverages","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Chemistry"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010141","article-title":"Phthalate esters and their potential risk in PET bottled water stored under common conditions","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2025120100520389800_vgaf210-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmt059","article-title":"Determination of phthalates in Jordanian bottled water using GC\u2013MS and HPLC\u2013UV: Environmental study","volume":"52","author":"Zaater","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatographic Science"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf210\/64078428\/vgaf210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/44\/12\/3614\/64078428\/vgaf210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/44\/12\/3614\/64078428\/vgaf210.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T05:52:10Z","timestamp":1764568330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/44\/12\/3614\/8237415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf210","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}}}