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Gametes were obtained through hormonal induction of P. magdalenae broodstock, and in vitro fertilization was performed to obtain larvae. The semen was activated either with water or water containing different PFOA concentrations (10\u2013500\u2009\u00b5M). Sperm motility (both total and specific types), progressivity, and velocity (linear and curvilinear) were assessed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. Fertility and hatching were evaluated in two separate experiments: the first involved 1-hr PFOA (10\u2013500\u2009\u00b5M) exposure, whereas the second exposure occurred under 12-hr long assays, involving the entire embryonic development, evaluating various morphometric and functional parameters. Bocachico larvae were exposed to different PFOA concentrations for 24\u2009hr to determine the lethality percentage and the median lethal concentration. Sperm motility, progressivity, and velocity were not significantly affected at PFOA concentrations below 200\u2009\u00b5M. However, concentrations of 300\u2009\u00b5M or higher significantly (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) affected sperm kinetics, particularly linear velocity, with a statistical reduction at 500\u2009\u00b5M (16.8\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7\u2009\u00b5m\/s) compared with the control (54.9\u2009\u00b1\u200917.9\u2009\u00b5m\/s). Fertility decline was observed at 1-hr exposure to PFOA concentrations \u2265 300\u2009\u00b5M. In contrast, 12-hr exposure to 10 and 50\u2009\u00b5M PFOA resulted in significant differences in oocyte diameter, yolk sac area, and heart rate compared with the control. The results showed that PFOA exposure causes harmful effects on the early developmental stages of P. magdalenae, posing a potential risk to fertility and reproductive success in wild populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:08:49Z","timestamp":1756818529000},"page":"68-79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of perfluorooctanoic acid on sperm function and early development in\n                    <i>Prochilodus magdalenae<\/i>\n                    : implications for aquatic species reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jose","family":"Espinosa-Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cartagena Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, , Cartagena,","place":["Colombia"]},{"name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba Institute of Fish Culture Research \u2013 CINPIC, Department of Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, , Monter\u00eda,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucellys","family":"Sierra-Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cartagena Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, , Cartagena,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Atencio-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba Institute of Fish Culture Research \u2013 CINPIC, Department of Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, , Monter\u00eda,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"Olivero-Verbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cartagena Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, , Cartagena,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080214461741300_vgaf223-B1","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026080214461741300_vgaf223-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.15446\/REV.COLOMB.BIOTE.V23N2.91188","article-title":"Efecto de etilenglicol y leche en polvo en la criopreservaci\u00f3n de semen de bocachico Prochilodus 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