{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:05:16Z","timestamp":1767600316433,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amphibians serve a central role in food webs and provide a link between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Because of their dependence on water, amphibians are susceptible to legacy and emerging contaminants. We investigated mercury (Hg) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in wild populations of two amphibian species\u2014the green frog (Lithobates clamitans) and the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus)\u2014which exhibit different life histories. We evaluated whether proximity to PFAS point source (State Superfund site) affected PFAS exposures in amphibians and assessed length, mass, sex, diet, and trophic position as predictors of contaminant concentrations. We found higher Hg concentrations in the more aquatic species (i.e., green frog) but higher PFAS concentrations (summed PFAS, perfluorodecanoic acid [PFDA], perfluoroundecanoic acid [PFUnA], perfluorododecanoic acid [PFDoA], perfluorotridecanoic acid [PFTrDA], and perfluorotetradecanoic acid [PFTeDA]) in the more terrestrial species (i.e., American toad). Proximity to the PFAS State Superfund site did not strongly affect PFAS exposures in amphibians. Of the biological predictors tested, diet best explained PFAS concentrations, but other factors (e.g., physiological differences) are likely contributing to the difference in PFAS bioaccumulation between aquatic and terrestrial species. Only three reports on PFAS concentrations in wild amphibians exist, all from contaminated sites in China, reporting much higher concentrations than found here. Additionally, experimental exposure studies have only investigated the effects of exposure to a few PFAS compounds, of which long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids detected here (PFDA, PDUnA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, and PFTeDA) are not represented in the literature. To truly understand the effects that detectable PFAS impose on wild amphibians, research is needed on the effects of more PFAS compounds, bioaccumulation in larval and terrestrial amphibians, and the elimination of PFAS via their skin to different media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1759927627000},"page":"2-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wild amphibians: a call for more research"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jeremiah H","family":"Tennant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, New York,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujan","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Sciences, Clarkson University , Potsdam, New York,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Levanduski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, New York,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney L","family":"Burgy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, New York,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N Roxanna","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, New York,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.04.022","article-title":"Larval amphibians rapidly bioaccumulate poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"178","author":"Abercrombie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4711","article-title":"Sublethal effects of dermal exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances on postmetamorphic amphibians","volume":"40","author":"Abercrombie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2011.606289","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria and mercury methylation in the water column of the lake 658 of the experimental lake area","volume":"29","author":"Ach\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomicrobiology Journal"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-023-02704-0","article-title":"Distribution and trends of mercury in aquatic and terrestrial biota of New York, USA: A synthesis of 50 years of research and monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"year":"2024","author":"Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B5"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4869","article-title":"Assessing the ecological risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Current state-of-the science and a proposed path forward","volume":"40","author":"Ankley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"year":"2023","author":"Aphalo","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B7"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127536","article-title":"Spatial profiles of perfluoroalkyl substances and mercury in fish from northern Lake Victoria, East Africa","volume":"260","author":"Arinaitwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19180","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03191","article-title":"Toxicities of legacy and current-use PFAS in an anuran: Do larval exposures influence responses to a terrestrial pathogen challenge?","volume":"57","author":"Barragan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0038.1","article-title":"Taking the trophic bypass: Aquatic-terrestrial linkage reduces methylmercury in a terrestrial food web","volume":"25","author":"Bartrons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.022","article-title":"Contaminants and energy expenditure in an Arctic seabird: Organochlorine pesticides and perfluoroalkyl substances are associated with metabolic rate in a contrasted manner","volume":"157","author":"Bl\u00e9vin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.125","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and maternal transfer of mercury and selenium in amphibians","volume":"29","author":"Bergeron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.121","article-title":"Mercury accumulation along a contamination gradient and nondestructive indices of bioaccumulation in amphibians","volume":"29","author":"Bergeron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1021\/es104210a","article-title":"Interactive effects of maternal and dietary mercury exposure have latent and lethal consequences for amphibian larvae","volume":"45","author":"Bergeron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.11.044","article-title":"Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in terrestrial environments in Greenland and Faroe Islands","volume":"129","author":"Bossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788010573-00163","article-title":"Impacts of agriculture and pesticides on amphibian terrestrial life stages: Potential biomonitor\/bioindicator species for the Pampa region of Argentina","volume":"32.","author":"Brodeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and genotoxicology, non-traditional terrestrial models (issues in toxicology)"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4678","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances increase susceptibility of Northern leopard frog tadpoles to trematode infection","volume":"40","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.08.017","article-title":"Effects of mercury on behavior and performance of northern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata)","volume":"158","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-019-00606-z","article-title":"Variations in tissue mercury contents in three species of adult salamanders in streams in western Maryland","volume":"76","author":"Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"year":"2022","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B20"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138179","article-title":"Risk prioritization and experimental validation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Chaohu Lake: Based on nontarget and target analyses","volume":"492","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-008-0201-1","article-title":"Methylmercury in marine ecosystems: Spatial patterns and processes of production, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7972","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01268","article-title":"Predicting relative protein affinity of novel per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by an efficient molecular dynamics approach","volume":"52","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135117","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure in wildlife: A review of the ecological and physiological processes affecting contaminant concentrations and their interpretation","volume":"711","author":"Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1039\/d0em00355g","article-title":"The high persistence of PFAS is sufficient for their management as a chemical class","volume":"22","author":"Cousins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11172","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02765","article-title":"Outside the safe operating space of a new planetary boundary for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"56","author":"Cousins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115976","article-title":"Occurrence, fate, sources and toxicity of PFAS: What we know so far in Florida and major gaps","volume":"130","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03662","article-title":"Occurrence and tissue distribution of novel perfluoroether carboxylic and sulfonic acids and legacy per\/polyfluoroalkyl substances in black-spotted frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus)","volume":"52","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4935","article-title":"PFAS exposure pathways for humans and wildlife: A synthesis of current knowledge and key gaps in understanding","volume":"40","author":"De Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1670\/30-05N.1","article-title":"Using anurans as bioindicators of PCB contaminated streams","volume":"40","author":"DeGarady","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Herpetology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005023916816(1997)","article-title":"Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish: A literature review","volume":"108","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1641\/B570107","article-title":"Biological mercury hotspots in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada","volume":"57","author":"Evers","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142730","article-title":"Dietary exposure and accumulation of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances alters growth and reduces body condition of post-metamorphic salamanders","volume":"765","author":"Flynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4690","article-title":"Chronic per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure under environmentally relevant conditions delays development in Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) larvae","volume":"40","author":"Flynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5319","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of aquatic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure in three species of amphibians","volume":"41","author":"Flynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.114623","article-title":"Developmental exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) selectively decreases brain dopamine levels in Northern leopard frogs","volume":"377","author":"Foguth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2020.106907","article-title":"Single and mixture per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances accumulate in developing Northern leopard frog brains and produce complex neurotransmission alterations","volume":"81","author":"Foguth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105324","article-title":"Albumin is the major carrier protein for PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA and PFDA in human plasma","volume":"137","author":"Forsthuber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B39","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox","year":"2019","edition":"3rd ed."},{"volume-title":"The Amphibians and Reptiles of New York State","year":"2007","author":"Gibbs","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B40"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00291G","article-title":"An overview of the uses of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)\u2013Electronic supplementary information","volume":"22","author":"Gl\u00fcge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2024.106907","article-title":"Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in amphibians and reptiles\u2013exposure and health effects","volume":"270","author":"Gonkowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-019-00657-2","article-title":"Mercury concentrations in the two-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma means) and the lesser siren (Siren intermedia): Validating non-lethal sampling methods in southeastern aquatic salamanders","volume":"77","author":"Haskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amphibian contributions to ecosystem services","volume":"9","author":"Hocking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2012.45.6.353","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure and health effects","volume":"45","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.7b00339","article-title":"Uptake and depuration of four per\/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in northern leopard frog Rana pipiens tadpoles","volume":"4","author":"Hoover","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20249","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06944","article-title":"Characterizing the movement of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an avian aquatic\u2013terrestrial food web","volume":"57","author":"Hopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.48.3.270","article-title":"Amphibians as models for studying environmental change","volume":"48","author":"Hopkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"ILAR Journal"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5486","article-title":"An environmentally relevant mixture of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid does not conform to additivity in northern leopard frogs exposed through metamorphosis","volume":"41","author":"Hoskins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5147","article-title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate in US ambient surface waters: A review of occurrence in aquatic environments and comparison to global concentrations","volume":"40","author":"Jarvis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1881","article-title":"A review of ecological risk assessment methods for amphibians: Comparative assessment of testing methodologies and available data","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00047.x","article-title":"Amphibian respiration and olfaction and their relationships: From Robert Townson (1794) to the present","volume":"75","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1071\/EN10145","article-title":"Environmental levels and distribution of structural isomers of perfluoroalkyl acids after aqueous fire-fighting foam (AFFF) contamination","volume":"8","author":"K\u00e4rrman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry"},{"year":"2023","author":"Kassambara","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B54"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-016-0080-y","article-title":"Adaption of a dermal in vitro method to investigate the uptake of chemicals across amphibian skin","volume":"28","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"year":"2022","author":"Kuhn","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B56"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17828","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c02134","article-title":"Development and evaluation of aquatic and terrestrial food web bioaccumulation models for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"58","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"year":"1904","author":"Kirkland","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B58"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11951","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01640","article-title":"Per-and polyfluoroalkyl-contaminated freshwater impacts adjacent riparian food webs","volume":"54","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07129","article-title":"Quantification of biodriven transfer of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment via emergent insects","volume":"55","author":"Koch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15953","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04574","article-title":"Effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance mixtures on the susceptibility of larval American bullfrogs to parasites","volume":"56","author":"Lech","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5877","article-title":"Assessing the combined effects of host and parasite exposure to forever chemicals in an amphibian\u2013echinostome system","volume":"43","author":"Lech","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117957","article-title":"Mercury contamination in the European green toad Bufotes viridis in Vienna, Austria","volume":"292","author":"Lemaire","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179038","article-title":"Unique per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) source suggested by a Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) PFAS profile in a temperate lake","volume":"971","author":"Levanduski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00033","article-title":"Two for the price of one: Deriving per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) fillet and whole-body conversion equations in fish","volume":"11","author":"Levanduski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112779","article-title":"The effect of aquatic and terrestrial prey availability on metal accumulation in pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nestlings","volume":"209","author":"Lidman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03452","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) impair lipid metabolism in Rana nigromaculata: A field investigation and laboratory study","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120029","article-title":"Assessing the hepatotoxicity of PFOA, PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA in black-spotted frogs (Rana nigromaculata) and elucidating potential association with gut microbiota","volume":"312","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04798","article-title":"Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil and groundwater at airports: A Canadian case study","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02127","article-title":"Permeability of frog skin to chemicals: Effect of penetration enhancers","volume":"5","author":"Llewelyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"year":"2017","author":"Mathieu","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B71"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.05.028","article-title":"Estimating the number of airports potentially contaminated with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film forming foam: A Canadian example","volume":"222","author":"Milley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4579","article-title":"A worldwide evaluation of trophic magnification of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"18","author":"Miranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"year":"2024","author":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B74"},{"year":"2020","author":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B75"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es404008g","volume-title":"Observations and models","author":"Ng","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4579","article-title":"Relationship between methylmercury contamination and proportion of aquatic and terrestrial prey in diets of shoreline spiders","volume":"38","author":"Ortega-Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5695","article-title":"A critical review of amphibian per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance ecotoxicity research studies: Identification of screening levels in water and other useful resources for site-specific ecological risk assessments","volume":"42","author":"Pandelides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2016-0027","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of mercury methylation in aquatic systems","volume":"2","author":"Paranjape","year":"2017","journal-title":"FACETS"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230667","article-title":"The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation","volume":"339","author":"Parks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116685","article-title":"Correlation analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in regional US precipitation events","volume":"190","author":"Pike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126361","article-title":"Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects","volume":"419","author":"Podder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"volume-title":"Posit Software","year":"2024","author":"Posit team","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B83"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2023","author":"R Core Team","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B84"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100388","article-title":"Toxicological impacts of synthetic pyrethroids on non-target aquatic organisms: A review","volume":"12","author":"Ranatunga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Advances"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-020-02225-0","article-title":"Mercury in fish from streams and rivers in New York State: Spatial patterns, temporal changes, and environmental drivers","volume":"29","author":"Riva-Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143333","article-title":"Effects of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids on developmental, physiological, and immunological measures in northern leopard frog tadpoles","volume":"365","author":"Rohonczy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-024-02737-z","article-title":"The effects of two short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) on Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpole development","volume":"33","author":"Rohonczy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B89","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Amphibian decline: An integrated analysis of multiple stressor effects","author":"Rowe","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04896","article-title":"Complex life histories alter patterns of mercury exposure and accumulation in a pond-breeding amphibian","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4228","article-title":"Delayed effects and complex life cycles: How the larval aquatic environment influences terrestrial performance and survival","volume":"37","author":"Rumrill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2014-0141","article-title":"Abundance, biomass production, nutrient content, and the possible role of terrestrial salamanders in Missouri Ozark forest ecosystems","volume":"92","author":"Semlitsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13148","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c02660","article-title":"Legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances surveillance in Bufo gargarizans from inlet watersheds of Chaohu Lake, China: Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation potential","volume":"57","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20190103130130","article-title":"Marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) as a bioindicator to assess pollution in an agricultural area","volume":"53","author":"\u015ei\u015fman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.009","article-title":"Contaminant exposure in terrestrial vertebrates","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00802763","article-title":"Activity metabolism of the toad (Bufo americanus): Ecological consequences of ontogenetic change","volume":"144","author":"Taigen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5947","article-title":"Methylmercury concentrations more strongly associated with trait variation than food web position in plethodontid salamanders","volume":"43","author":"Tennant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-011-0768-0","article-title":"Do effects of mercury in larval amphibians persist after metamorphosis?","volume":"21","author":"Todd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.04.017","article-title":"Red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) as a bioindicator of mercury in terrestrial forests of the Northeastern United States","volume":"34","author":"Townsend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07683","article-title":"Emergent freshwater insects serve as subsidies of methylmercury and beneficial fatty acids for riparian predators across an agricultural gradient","volume":"55","author":"Twining","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70109","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70109","article-title":"Integrating the bright and dark sides of aquatic resource subsidies\u2014A synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Twining","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"volume-title":"Global Mercury Assessment 2018","year":"2019","author":"UN Environment","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B102"},{"volume-title":"Method 7473: Mercury in solids and solutions by thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry","year":"1998","author":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B103"},{"volume-title":"Method 1633, Revision A: Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous, solid, biosolids, and tissue samples by LC-MS\/MS","year":"2024","author":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B104"},{"year":"2021","author":"Wei","key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B105"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2307\/1564744","article-title":"Diet composition in postmetamorphic bullfrogs and green frogs: Implications for interspecific predation and competition","volume":"29","author":"Werner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Herpetology"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i12","article-title":"Reshaping data with the reshape package","volume":"21","author":"Wickham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115233","article-title":"Mercury accumulation, biomagnification, and relationships to \u03b413C, \u03b415N and \u03b434S of fishes and marine mammals in a coastal Arctic marine food web","volume":"193","author":"Yurkowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010503013341600_vgaf249-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.12.017","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of pharmaceuticals with a focus to the aquatic environment","volume":"133","author":"Zenker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf249\/64546995\/vgaf249.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/2\/64546995\/vgaf249.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/2\/64546995\/vgaf249.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:01:49Z","timestamp":1767600109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/45\/1\/2\/8277555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf249","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0730-7268"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1552-8618"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]}}}