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This study investigated the combined effects of exposure to oil water accommodated fractions from the spill that affected the Brazilian northeast and rising temperatures on early development of the zebrafish Danio rerio. Exposure to PAHs caused developmental delay and increased frequency of malformations at 16.47 and 32.95\u2009\u03bcg-\u2211PAHt L\u22121 at 28, 30, and 32\u2009\u00b0C. Incomplete mandible development was not verified after PAH exposure at 28\u2009\u00b0C, but increased with increasing temperatures. Increased frequency of malformations included thrombosis, deformed heart, pericardial and yolk-sac edemas, and spinal kyphosis. Heart rates increased with increasing temperature in control larvae and with increasing PAH concentrations at 28 and 30\u2009\u00b0C, but not at 32\u2009\u00b0C. Total length, eye, and swim bladder area of larvae at 168\u2009hr post-fertilization decreased with increasing PAH concentrations and increasing temperatures, indicating an additive interaction. Acetylcholinesterase activity in control larvae increased with increasing temperatures and decreased with increasing PAH concentrations. Combined exposure to PAHs and temperature elevation intensified developmental delays and teratogenic outcomes, posing additional threats to the viability of D. rerio early life stages. Results indicate that temperature effects should be considered in oil spill risk assessments under climate change scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T04:43:45Z","timestamp":1771389825000},"page":"1241-1254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temperature-dependent effects of the Brazilian oil spill to early life stages of\n                    <i>Danio rerio<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Leticia Pereira","family":"Pontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"C\u00e9lio Freire","family":"Mariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Karolaine","family":"Melo Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Clara de Almeida","family":"S\u00e1-Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Sergio Martins","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051901371363400_vgag042-B1","author":"Adams","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026051901371363400_vgag042-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56066-x","article-title":"Biochemical adaptation in brain Acetylcholinesterase during acclimation to sub-lethal temperatures in the eurythermal fish Tilapia mossambica","volume":"9","author":"Aswani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026051901371363400_vgag042-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.02.078","article-title":"Metabolic performance of the coral reef fish Siganus guttatus exposed to combinations of water borne diesel, an anionic surfactant and elevated temperature in Indonesia","volume":"110","author":"Baum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026051901371363400_vgag042-B4","first-page":"447","volume-title":"The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (","author":"Bindoff","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026051901371363400_vgag042-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein\u2013dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026051901371363400_vgag042-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2019.110321","article-title":"Oxidative stress and biomarker responses in the Atlantic halibut after long term exposure to elevated CO2 and a range of temperatures","volume":"238","author":"Carney Almroth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 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