{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T00:30:06Z","timestamp":1794443406250,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor are 2 novel insecticides registered for global use. They were developed as alternates to neonicotinoids, and their subsequent use restrictions, based on impacts on non-target organisms. Although structurally distinct, both alternatives share the same mode of action as neonicotinoids, raising concerns about their potential risks to non-target soil invertebrates. The fate and toxicity of flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor in soil were assessed, tested both as pure chemicals and in commercial formulations (Sivanto\u2122 Prime and Closer\u2122 Insecticide, respectively). The half-life of flupyradifurone in soil ranged from 68 to 75\u2009days for the commercial formulation (Sivanto\u2122 Prime) and extended to 89\u2009days as the pure chemical, reflecting the influence of adjuvants on degradation. In contrast, sulfoxaflor degraded rapidly with a half-life of only 2\u20133\u2009days in soil for both the pure chemical and Closer\u2122 Insecticide. Toxicity (adult survival and reproduction) was evaluated in 3 soil invertebrate species: Oppia nitens, Eisenia andrei, and Folsomia candida. No toxic effects were observed for O. nitens for all substances tested at the highest concentrations (\u226515.5\u2009mg a.i.\/kg dry soil) after a 28-day exposure. However, E. andrei was the most sensitive species to sulfoxaflor (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.25\u2009mg\/kg [pure chemical]; median inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.11\u2009mg\/kg [Closer\u2122 Insecticide] and IC50 = 0.15\u2009mg\/kg [pure chemical]), with demonstrated bioaccumulation. Conversely, F. candida was the most sensitive to flupyradifurone, exhibiting significant effects on survival (LC50 &amp;lt; 1.16\u2009mg\/kg [pure chemical]) and reproduction (IC50 &amp;lt; 0.28\u2009mg\/kg [pure chemical]). Compared to neonicotinoids evaluated previously using the same test conditions, flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor were less toxic than clothianidin to F. candida. However, sulfoxaflor was more toxic to E. andrei than thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and flupyradifurone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T04:31:27Z","timestamp":1773635487000},"page":"1494-1507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fate and effects of flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor on non-target soil-dwelling invertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0691-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Hsiung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Wildlife and Landscape Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Wildlife and Landscape Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Wildlife and Landscape Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Maisonneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Wildlife and Landscape Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Scroggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Wildlife and Landscape Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliska","family":"Princz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Wildlife and Landscape Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061807030443800_vgag053-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(98)00147-8","article-title":"Effect of surfactants on sorption of atrazine by soil","volume":"36","author":"Abu-Zreig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology"},{"key":"2026061807030443800_vgag053-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/v10102-009-0001-7","article-title":"Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits and 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