{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1793193847996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Primary Industries through the Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change grant","award":["406898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406898"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment through the Cawthron Shellfish Aquaculture Research Platform","award":["CAWX1801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAWX1801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bivalve embryo\u2013larval development tests are widely used as standardized bioassays for assessing the toxicity of chemicals and environmental samples on early life stages. The green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus; GLM), however, was unsuitable for toxicity testing due to reliance on suitable quality seawater (SW) requiring the use of chelating agents during embryo\u2013larval development. Given the cultural, environmental, and economic importance of this species in Aotearoa New Zealand, we developed a new bioassay to accurately assess toxicity, including trace metals. Using an iterative experimental approach, we examined the role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at different early developmental stages to determine requirements for successful development; tested reconstituted SW\u00a0(RSW), which contains no chelating agent, as an alternative to natural SW; and finally, validated a method with zinc. Aging oocytes and fertilizing gametes in SW\u00a0containing minimum 1.2\u2009\u00b5M EDTA was essential to successful subsequent larval development. Following exposure to EDTA during fertilization, survival of D-larvae was the same for embryos incubated in SW containing EDTA and in RSW with and without EDTA. This prior treatment of gametes allows standardized embryo\u2013larval development testing to be run in RSW, given that EDTA carry-over remains below 100\u2009nM. A method assessment of this assay was undertaken using RSW and zinc as a model toxicant, and the resulting LC50 values were comparable with embryo\u2013larval development tests of other marine bivalve species. These results confirmed that the protocol using RSW can be applied, providing a critical tool for improved environmental management and protection of the GLM aquaculture industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:43:31Z","timestamp":1774320211000},"page":"1378-1388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A method for embryo\u2013larval development toxicity testing on an endemic and commercially important mussel,\n                    <i>Perna canaliculus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2951-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Rolton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, 7010,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Champeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, 7010,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Atalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, 7010,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis A","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, 7010,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Limited, Lincoln,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Vignier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson, 7010,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061807044153600_vgag071-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2008.10.130","article-title":"Towards cryopreservation of Greenshell\u2122 mussel (Perna canaliculus) oocytes","volume":"58","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"2026061807044153600_vgag071-B2","volume-title":"Aquaculture for New Zealand, New Zealand aquaculture: A sector overview with key facts and statistics for 2024","author":"Aquaculture New Zealand","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026061807044153600_vgag071-B3","volume-title":"D1193-06\u2014Standard specification for reagent water","author":"ASTM International","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026061807044153600_vgag071-B4","volume-title":"E724-21\u2014Standard guide for conducting static short-term chronic toxicity tests starting with embryos of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs","author":"ASTM International","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026061807044153600_vgag071-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-751801-5.50043-5","volume-title":"Estuarine processes. 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