{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:31:03Z","timestamp":1793658663570,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada\u2019s","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"the Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Government of Saskatchewan, and the University of Saskatchewan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as a ubiquitous contaminant in terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms, which play key roles in soil structure, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem function, are important bioindicators for assessing MP exposure and fate. However, uncertainties remain regarding MP toxicokinetics in earthworms, including ingestion dynamics, retention, and the potential for translocation across the gut epithelium. This study investigated the movement and fate of MPs in Eisenia fetida by quantifying uptake and elimination across five common MP morphologies (films, fibers, foams, fragments, and spheres) and by using synchrotron-based microcomputed tomography (SR-\u00b5CT) to visualize internal distributions of 5 to 22\u2009\u00b5m glass microspheres and 45 to 53\u2009\u00b5m polyethylene microspheres. Across 21-day exposure and depuration phases, earthworms rapidly ingested all MP morphologies, reaching steady state before Day 10 for most types, and efficiently eliminated MPs once removed from spiked soils. Elimination rate constants (1.27\u20132.34\u2009day\u22121) corresponded to short half-lives (&amp;lt;1\u2009day), and bioaccumulation factors were consistently low (0.023\u20130.058), indicating limited retention relative to soil concentrations. The SR-\u00b5CT imaging provided high-resolution 3D confirmation that MPs remained entirely confined to the gastrointestinal tract, with none of the 2,779 detected particles ranging from 5 to 53\u2009\u00b5m crossing the gut epithelium. Despite higher MP densities in earthworms exposed to smaller glass microspheres, this pattern reflected differences in ingestion rather than tissue penetration. Reduced gut-to-worm volume ratios in polyethylene-exposed worms suggested decreased feeding or avoidance behavior toward the polyethylene microspheres. Overall, these results demonstrate that E. fetida rapidly ingest and eliminate MPs without tissue translocation, and that their gut contents provide a reliable short-term snapshot of MP availability in soil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:44:32Z","timestamp":1774320272000},"page":"1553-1566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing the accumulation of microplastics in earthworms (\n                    <i>Eisenia fetida<\/i>\n                    ) using traditional bioaccumulation modeling and synchrotron-based microcomputed tomography"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2131-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas V","family":"Letwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarvis A","family":"Stobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Light Source Inc , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliska","family":"Princz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys L","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam W","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira M","family":"Ijzerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan S","family":"Prosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168883","article-title":"Accumulation of microplastics in soil after long-term application of biosolids and atmospheric deposition","volume":"912","author":"Adhikari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6799","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08010","article-title":"High levels of microplastics in the arctic sea ice alga Melosira arctica, a vector to ice-associated and benthic food webs","volume":"57","author":"Bergmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12025","article-title":"A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services","volume":"64","author":"Blouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Science"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147620","article-title":"A critical review on the interactions of microplastics with heavy metals: Mechanism and their combined effect on organisms and humans","volume":"788","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109788","article-title":"Defense responses in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastics in soils","volume":"187","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7543","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c00123","article-title":"Microplastic spectral classification needs an open source community: Open specy to the rescue!","volume":"93","author":"Cowger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158041","article-title":"Adverse effects of microplastics on earthworms: A critical review","volume":"850","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12040300","article-title":"Exposure to microplastics made of plasmix-based materials at low amounts did not induce adverse effects on the earthworm Eisenia foetida","volume":"12","author":"De Felice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B9","author":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1107\/S160057752200282X","article-title":"Tofu: A fast, versatile and user-friendly image processing toolkit for computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Farago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Synchrotron Radiation"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577524005241","article-title":"Hard X-ray imaging and tomography at the Biomedical Imaging and Therapy beamlines of Canadian Light Source","volume":"31","author":"Gasilov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Synchrotron Radiation"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154989","article-title":"Horizontal transport of macro- and microplastics on soil surface by rainfall induced surface runoff as affected by vegetations","volume":"831","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16423","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05614","article-title":"Nanoplastic transport in soil via bioturbation by Lumbricus terrestris","volume":"55","author":"Heinze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-007-9132-4","article-title":"Development of a dynamic pharmacokinetic model to estimate bioconcentration of xenobiotics in earthworms","volume":"14","author":"Henson-Ramsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental Modeling & Assessment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1144\/1467-787302-031","article-title":"Earthworms as bioindicators of mercury pollution from mining and other industrial activities","volume":"2","author":"Hinton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05478","article-title":"Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem: Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)","volume":"50","author":"Huerta Lwanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12844","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03567","article-title":"Ingestion of microplastics by freshwater tubifex worms","volume":"51","author":"Hurley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143987","article-title":"A probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics in soil ecosystems","volume":"757","author":"Jacques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2024.106397","article-title":"A review of microplastic transport in coastal zones","volume":"196","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130455","article-title":"Impact of plastic mulching as a major source of microplastics in agroecosystems","volume":"445","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04702","article-title":"Ups and downs in the ocean: Effects of biofouling on vertical transport of microplastics","volume":"51","author":"Kooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151022","article-title":"Earthworms ingest microplastic fibers and nanoplastics with effects on egestion rate and long-term retention","volume":"807","author":"Lahive","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5813","article-title":"Characterizing the microplastic content of biosolids in Southern Ontario, Canada","volume":"43","author":"Letwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31176-9","article-title":"Ingestion and excretion dynamics of microplastics by black soldier fly larvae and correlation with mouth opening size","volume":"13","author":"Lievens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c15257","article-title":"Microplastics in motion: How earthworm guts become microbial gateways through plastic surface dynamics","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19303-w","article-title":"Introducing Biomedisa as an open-source online platform for biomedical image segmentation","volume":"11","author":"Losel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2022.100422","article-title":"Microplastic contamination around the landfills: Distribution, characterization and threats: A review","volume":"31","author":"Manikanda Bharath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5948","article-title":"Effect of insecticide exposure across multiple generations of the earthworm Eisenia andrei","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12372","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02922","article-title":"Evidence of microplastic translocation in wild-caught fish and implications for microplastic accumulation dynamics in food webs","volume":"55","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-022-00033-3","article-title":"Risk-based management framework for microplastics in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"2","author":"Mehinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130765","article-title":"Fragmentation and depolymerization of microplastics in the earthworm gut: A potential for microplastic bioremediation?","volume":"447","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0313840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313840","article-title":"Atmospheric deposition of microplastics in urban, rural, forest environments: A case study of Thulamela Local Municipality","volume":"20","author":"Mutshekwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B33","author":"Nikon","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103639","article-title":"A systematic review of the occurrence of microplastics in compost: Understanding the abundance, sources, characteristics and ecological risk","volume":"24","author":"Nourozi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results in Engineering"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B35","article-title":"Effects of earthworms on microbial communities and their castings as soil amendments: A review","author":"Omokaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Earth & Environmental Waste Management"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B36","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(99)00085-1","article-title":"Microbial nitrogen transformations in earthworm burrows","volume":"31","author":"Parkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.3390\/app15116135","article-title":"A systematic review of the toxicokinetics of micro- and nanoplastics in mammals following digestive exposure","volume":"15","author":"Popa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.037","article-title":"Polyester-derived microfiber impacts on the soil-dwelling earthworm Lumbricus terrestris","volume":"251","author":"Prendergast-Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01594-7","article-title":"Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms","volume":"7","author":"Rillig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.038","article-title":"Significance of interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment: A critical overview","volume":"111","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128914","article-title":"Soil penetration by earthworms and plant roots\u2014mechanical energetics of bioturbation of compacted soils","volume":"10","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2024.2319005","article-title":"Ecotoxicological soil risk assessment under the new soil exposure framework - An impact assessment","volume":"59","author":"Schimera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139082","article-title":"Microbeads in personal care products: An overlooked environmental concern","volume":"427","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B45","author":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B46","first-page":"513","article-title":"Earthworms (Lumbricidae) as bioindicators: The relationship between in-soil and in-tissue heavy metal content","volume":"57","author":"Tischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14020267","article-title":"Ecotoxicological effects of commercial microplastics on earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) (Clitellata; Lumbricidae)","volume":"14","author":"Traki\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.08.013","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments","volume":"182","author":"Van Cauwenberghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6365","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06365","article-title":"Earthworms increase plant production: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"van Groenigen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.1915035","article-title":"Interactions between microplastics and soil fauna: A critical review","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177226","article-title":"Global soil microplastic assessment in different land-use systems is largely determined by the method of analysis: A meta-analysis","volume":"957","author":"Wrigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106924","article-title":"Earthworms as candidates for remediation of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils and mitigating the environmental and human health risks: A review","volume":"158","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100374","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity in earthworms and its environmental implications: A review","volume":"12","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Advances"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-022-01283-8","article-title":"Barium sulfate deposition in the gastrointestinal tract: Review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Zaccarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostic Pathology"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107899","article-title":"Nanoplastics induces oxidative stress and triggers lysosome-associated immune-defensive cell death in the earthworm Eisenia fetida","volume":"174","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2026061807050337300_vgag072-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17048","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04661","article-title":"Transport and accumulation of microplastics from biosolids to Australian agricultural soils: Detection of microplastics down to 1 um","volume":"58","author":"Ziajahromi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag072\/67486038\/vgag072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/6\/1553\/67486038\/vgag072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/6\/1553\/67486038\/vgag072.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:05:12Z","timestamp":1781780712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/45\/6\/1553\/8538009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}