{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:09:48Z","timestamp":1788779388479,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada - Canada Nature Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Due to its neurotoxicity and tendency to bioaccumulate, Hg is a risk to both human and environmental health. Most Hg studies focus on aquatic systems due to their longer food chains and predatory fish. Yet opportunistic terrestrial predators such as wolves (Canis lupus) are less studied, despite the potential for high-Hg prey in their diets that could lead to high concentrations and subsequent health effects. Here, we studied the movement of Hg to wolves from their prey across two regions of the Northwest Territories, Canada between 2006 and 2024 by combining stomach content data with stable isotope analysis of more than\u00a0350 individuals. Although terrestrial prey such as caribou dominated the diet of wolves in both regions (&amp;gt; 55% of stomachs), a small number of wolves in both regions recently consumed aquatic prey (5%), and these aquatic prey had significantly higher Hg concentrations than terrestrial prey (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). This led to higher Hg concentrations in wolves that had eaten aquatic prey relative to those eating semi-aquatic and terrestrial prey and is likely responsible for Hg trophic magnification factors that matched or exceeded those typically observed in aquatic systems. These findings highlight the transfer of Hg from aquatic to terrestrial food webs and the potential for health risks to terrestrial predators. Mercury concentrations in wolves remained well below expected animal health effect thresholds, and there was no evidence for an increase in concentrations in either region over the last decade, but the high concentrations in some prey species and trophic magnification in wolves illustrate the vulnerability of terrestrial predators to Hg exposure when their diets contain aquatic prey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:43:14Z","timestamp":1782751394000},"page":"2704-2716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomagnification of mercury in wolves and their prey in the Northwest Territories, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xavier","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbey E","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, NT,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faye","family":"d\u2019Eon-Eggertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, NT,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Jutha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, NT,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Dean","family":"Cluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, NT,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Obst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, NT,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5917-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.07.046","article-title":"Mercury speciation analysis in terrestrial animal tissues","volume":"99","author":"Berzas Nevado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B2","first-page":"85","volume-title":"AMAP Assessment 2011: Mercury in the Arctic","author":"Braune","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.10.034","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic: An overview of spatial and temporal trends","volume":"351\u2013352","author":"Braune","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.9113","article-title":"A toxicokinetic model for predicting the tissue distribution and elimination of organic and inorganic mercury following exposure to methyl mercury in animals and humans. II. Application and validation of the model in humans","volume":"171","author":"Carrier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135117","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure in wildlife: A review of the ecological and physiological processes affecting contaminant concentrations and their interpretation","volume":"711","author":"Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B6","author":"Cluff","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154082","article-title":"The movement of aquatic mercury through terrestrial food webs","volume":"320","author":"Cristol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00269-w","article-title":"Arctic mercury cycling","volume":"3","author":"Dastoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2014-0218","article-title":"Seasonal diet of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis): What drives prey selection?","volume":"93","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(81)90244-1","article-title":"Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals","volume":"45","author":"Deniro","year":"1981","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.03.006","article-title":"Mercury and neurochemical biomarkers in multiple brain regions of five Arctic marine mammals","volume":"84","author":"Desforges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154445","article-title":"A risk assessment review of mercury exposure in Arctic marine and terrestrial mammals","volume":"829","author":"Dietz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362","article-title":"Neurobehavioral changes in mice treated with methylmercury at two different stages of fetal development","volume":"23","author":"Dor\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3775","article-title":"Predictive meta-regressions relating mercury tissue concentrations of freshwater piscivorous mammals","volume":"36","author":"Eccles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108961","article-title":"Relationships between mercury concentrations in fur and stomach contents of river otter (Lontra canadensis) and mink (Neovison vison) in northern Alberta Canada and their applications as proxies for environmental factors determining mercury bioavailability","volume":"181","author":"Eccles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B16","author":"Ecosystem Classification Group","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068130","article-title":"Home range size variation in female Arctic grizzly bears relative to reproductive status and resource availability","volume":"8","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2401950121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401950121","article-title":"Unexpected anthropogenic emission decreases explain recent atmospheric mercury concentration declines","volume":"121","author":"Feinberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108720","article-title":"Population-based dietary exposure to mercury through fish consumption in the southern Peruvian Amazon","volume":"183","author":"Feingold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1021\/es001459w","article-title":"Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web","volume":"35","author":"Fisk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.12.061","article-title":"Does temporal variation of mercury levels in Arctic seabirds reflect changes in global environmental contamination, or a modification of Arctic marine food web functioning?","volume":"211","author":"Fort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic18","article-title":"Wolf reproduction in response to caribou migration and industrial development on the central barrens of mainland Canada","volume":"61","author":"Frame","year":"2009","journal-title":"ARCTIC"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic495","article-title":"Long foraging movement of a Denning tundra wolf","volume":"57","author":"Frame","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230210","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230210","article-title":"The ethology of wolves foraging on freshwater fish in a boreal ecosystem","volume":"10","author":"Freund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2018.03.007","article-title":"Do wolves hunt freshwater fish in spring as a food source?","volume":"91","author":"Gable","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mammalian Biology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138305","article-title":"Renal trace elements in barren-ground caribou subpopulations: Temporal trends and differing effects of sex, age and season","volume":"724","author":"Gamberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.070","article-title":"Mercury in the Canadian Arctic terrestrial environment: An update","volume":"509\u2013510","author":"Gamberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00408-8","article-title":"Contaminant residue levels in arctic wolves (Canis lupus) from the Yukon Territory, Canada","volume":"243\u2013244","author":"Gamberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jlimnol.2021.2007","article-title":"Mercury methylation in oxic aquatic macro-environments: a review","volume":"80","author":"Gallorini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Limnology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1139\/z82-172","article-title":"Food habits of mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) in northeastern Alberta","volume":"60","author":"Gilbert","year":"1982","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.239","article-title":"Temporal trend of mercury in relation to feeding habits and food availability in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from Svalbard, Norway","volume":"670","author":"Hallanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-013-1356-y","article-title":"Synchronicity of movement paths of barren ground caribou and tundra wolves","volume":"36","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-207","article-title":"Distribution of wolf dens on migratory caribou ranges in the Northwest Territories, Canada","volume":"70","author":"Heard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.3c00450","article-title":"Mercury isotope values in shoreline spiders reveal the transfer of aquatic mercury sources to terrestrial food webs","volume":"10","author":"Janssen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1021\/es061263h","article-title":"Applications, considerations, and sources of uncertainty when using stable isotope analysis in ecotoxicology","volume":"40","author":"Jardine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2193\/0084-0173(2005)160[1:CEOHDO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cumulative effects of human developments on arctic wildlife","volume":"160","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B37","first-page":"455","volume-title":"Environmental chemistry and toxicology of mercury","author":"Kidd","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5342","article-title":"Increased mercury and reduced insect diversity in linked stream\u2013riparian food webs downstream of a historical mercury mine","volume":"41","author":"Kraus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B39","author":"Kuyt","year":"1969"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic4382","article-title":"Linking wolf diet to changes in marine and terrestrial prey abundance","volume":"67","author":"Lafferty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215519","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215519","article-title":"Predation risk and space use of a declining Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) population","volume":"14","author":"Lambert Koizumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13385","DOI":"10.1021\/es403103t","article-title":"Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs: A worldwide meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Lavoie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13694","DOI":"10.1021\/es502746z","article-title":"Contamination of mercury during the wintering period influences concentrations at breeding sites in two migratory piscivorous birds","volume":"48","author":"Lavoie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.10.041","article-title":"The delivery of mercury to the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean by the Mackenzie River","volume":"373","author":"Leitch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.031","article-title":"Assessing potential health risks to fish and humans using mercury concentrations in inland fish from across western Canada and the United States","volume":"571","author":"Lepak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408561","article-title":"Placental DNA methylation related to both infant toenail mercury and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes","volume":"123","author":"Maccani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155221","article-title":"Climate change and mercury in the Arctic: biotic interactions","volume":"834","author":"McKinney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.045","article-title":"Mercury in gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Alaska: Increased exposure through consumption of marine prey","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"McGrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155803","article-title":"Temporal trends of mercury in Arctic biota: 10 more years of progress in Arctic monitoring","volume":"839","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02420","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2420","article-title":"Intrapopulation variability in wolf diet revealed using a combined stable isotope and fatty acid approach","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl199","article-title":"Developmental exposure to methylmercury alters learning and induces depression-like behavior in male mice","volume":"97","author":"Onishchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230667","article-title":"The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation","volume":"339","author":"Parks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B53","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:USITET","article-title":"Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions","volume":"83","author":"Post","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B55","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02709","article-title":"Microbial mercury methylation in aquatic environments: a critical review of published field and laboratory studies","volume":"53","author":"Regnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20241","article-title":"A systems-based approach to investigate dose- and time-dependent methylmercury-induced gene expression response in C57BL\/6 mouse embryos undergoing neurulation","volume":"89","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research. Part B. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179542","article-title":"Switching to marine prey leads to unprecedented mercury concentrations in a population of coastal Alaska wolves","volume":"980","author":"Roffler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18398-5","article-title":"Potential impacts of mercury released from thawing permafrost","volume":"11","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1201\/b10598-19","volume-title":"Environmental contaminants in biota","author":"Shore","year":"2011","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5922","DOI":"10.1021\/es2000672","article-title":"Differences in mercury bioaccumulation between polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Canadian high-and sub-Arctic","volume":"45","author":"St. Louis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1021\/es802474j","article-title":"Projections of global mercury emissions in 2050","volume":"43","author":"Streets","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic1367","article-title":"The high subarctic forest-tundra of northwestern Canada: Position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate","volume":"45","author":"Timoney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s42991-020-00093-z","article-title":"Feeding ecology of the wolf (Canis lupus) in a near-natural ecosystem in Mongolia","volume":"101","author":"Tiralla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mammalian Biology"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.143","article-title":"Correlations between hair and tissue mercury concentrations in Icelandic arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus)","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Treu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156171","article-title":"An assessment of mercury and its dietary drivers in fur of Arctic wolves from Greenland and High Arctic Canada","volume":"838","author":"Treu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70109","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70109","article-title":"Integrating the bright and dark sides of aquatic resource subsidies\u2013A synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Twining","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B200","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39600","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39600","article-title":"Distribution of herbivorous fish is frozen by low temperature","volume":"6","author":"Vej\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082&lt;0867:MPOBGW&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Movement patterns of barren ground wolves in the Central Canadian Arctic","volume":"82","author":"Walton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134927","article-title":"Compound-specific nitrogen isotope of amino acids: Toward an improved understanding of mercury trophic transfer in different habitats","volume":"475","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54056-7","article-title":"Marine fog inputs appear to increase methylmercury bioaccumulation in a coastal terrestrial food web","volume":"9","author":"Weiss-Penzias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B72","author":"Wilson","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B73","first-page":"34","article-title":"Mercury and mink. II. Experimental methyl 722 mercury intoxication","volume":"40","author":"Wobeser","year":"1976","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine: Revue Canadienne de Medecine Comparee"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B74","first-page":"729","author":"Wood","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5100","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c07047","article-title":"The toxicity of mercury and its chemical compounds: Molecular mechanisms and environmental and human health implications: A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125586","article-title":"Toxicity of mercury: Molecular evidence","volume":"245","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516312113","article-title":"Observed decrease in atmospheric mercury explained by global decline in anthropogenic emissions","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026090706172872200_vgag150-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23391-7","article-title":"Global health effects of future atmospheric mercury emissions","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag150\/68645680\/vgag150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/9\/2704\/68645680\/vgag150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/9\/2704\/68645680\/vgag150.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:17:40Z","timestamp":1788776260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/45\/9\/2704\/8721567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}}}