{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:09:43Z","timestamp":1788779383050,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Air pollution remains a pressing concern in urban India, affecting human wellbeing and ecosystem sustainability. This investigation explores the spatial and temporal variations in 10 \u03bcm particulate matter (PM10), nitric oxides (NOX), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) air pollution in Navi Mumbai, India, from 2014\u20132023. Data from 23 monitoring points were analyzed using geographic information systems-based methods, including inverse distance weighting and weighted overlay analysis, to generate a comprehensive pollution index. Findings indicate high seasonal variation, with elevated PM10 and NOX levels during premonsoon and winter due to traffic, industrial activity, and unfavorable meteorological conditions. Monsoon rains significantly reduced pollutant levels. Industrial hotspots, particularly in Taloja and Kalamboli, and traffic-heavy corridors, such as Vashi and Nerul, remained persistent pollution sources. A noticeable drop in pollutant concentrations in 2020 coincided with the COVID-19 lockdown, although levels surged in subsequent years. The weighted overlay analysis proved effective in identifying pollution hotspots and offering a comprehensive understanding of air quality risks. Global comparisons highlight the specific challenges of coastal satellite cities, where industrial and harbor emissions contribute to seasonal smog. This study emphasizes the need for targeted emission controls and urban planning interventions to improve air quality and sustainability in rapidly growing regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:23:56Z","timestamp":1784287436000},"page":"2674-2689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated weighted geospatial analysis and spatiotemporal assessment of key criteria air pollutants for hotspot identification and air quality risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"P K","family":"Devan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of mechanical engineering, R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology , Tiruvallur,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kodavati Divya","family":"Bharathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of computer science and engineering, Kasireddy Narayan Reddy College of Engineering and Research , Hyderabad, Telangana,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit Chunilal","family":"Kalola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Dr. Subhash University , Junagadh,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9981-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuvel","family":"C","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of mechanical engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education , Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujaya","family":"Wadekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University , Mumbai, MH,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushree","family":"Sangita Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University , Mumbai, MH,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-025-01790-9","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics and trends in air pollutants: A comprehensive analysis of PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3 in Houston, USA","volume":"18","author":"Alam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-025-01768-7","article-title":"Long-term PM2.5 exposure in Bangladesh: Identification of pollution hotspots, trends, sources and health risk assessment","volume":"18","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-026-12876-7","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of meteorological and air quality variables using airport monitoring data: Istanbul International Airports","volume":"85","author":"Birinci","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environmental Earth Sciences"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06089-2_12","volume-title":"The Palgrave handbook of urban development planning in Africa","author":"Busolo","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B5","author":"Central Pollution Control Board","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B6","first-page":"61","article-title":"Assessment of inverse distance weighting and local polynomial interpolation for annual rainfall: A case study in peninsular Malaysia","volume":"38","author":"Chin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering Proceedings"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15102-w","article-title":"Spatial analysis of air pollution and cancer prevalence in Texas: A machine learning approach using satellite remote sensing data","volume":"198","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.115256","article-title":"Unveiling and interpreting the relationships among multi-pollutant emission factors in municipal solid waste incineration by machine learning","volume":"210","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100958","article-title":"Examining land surface temperature and relations with the major air pollutants: A remote sensing research in case of Tehran","volume":"39","author":"Fuladlu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B10","author":"Gurjar","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.121512","article-title":"Data-driven prioritization of inorganic and organic pollutants in coastal groundwater using a multi-parameter modeling framework","volume":"14","author":"Hanzhi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B12","author":"Health Effects Institute","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4975","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204975","article-title":"Assessment of spatio-temporal variations in PM2.5 and associated long-range air mass transport and mortality in South Asia","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99714-0.00005-4","article-title":"Impact of air quality as a component of climate change on biodiversity-based ecosystem services","volume-title":"Visualization techniques for climate change with machine learning and artificial intelligence","author":"Izah","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120276","article-title":"Nationwide analysis of air pollution hotspots across India: A spatiotemporal PM2.5 trend analysis (2008\u20132019)","volume":"264","author":"Jaganathan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2026.121944","article-title":"Hybrid air quality monitoring for robust exposure assessment in resource-constrained environments","volume":"373","author":"Jaafar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-18949-4.00013-0","volume-title":"Advanced geospatial and ground based techniques in forest monitoring","author":"Karnatak","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Planning Indian megacity regions: Spatial model, development dynamics and future advances","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B19","author":"Maharashtra Pollution Control Board","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-026-01945-2","article-title":"Remote sensing\u2013enhanced land use regression modelling for predicting urban particulate matter concentrations","volume":"19","author":"Mashi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2024.103146","article-title":"Effect of environmental pollutants particulate matter PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) on obesity","volume":"36","author":"Meo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University - Science"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119688","article-title":"Development of historic monthly land use regression models of SO2, NOx and suspended particulate matter for birth cohort ELSPAC","volume":"301","author":"Mike\u0161","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B23","author":"Natural Resources Defense Council","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-025-01800-w","article-title":"Urban Hg pollution and health risks in Indian cities: Insights from receptor and box modeling approaches","volume":"18","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B26","article-title":"Air quality under a changing climate: Trends and implications for respiratory diseases","volume":"1","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science & Health"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-026-01897-7","article-title":"Aerosol pollution across the Indo-Gangetic plain and the Himalayas: Seasonal patterns and implications for air quality and climate","volume":"19","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3160827","article-title":"Toward global estimation of ground-level NO2 pollution with deep learning and remote sensing","volume":"60","author":"Scheibenreif","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160064","article-title":"Trends in urban air pollution over the last two decades: A global perspective","volume":"858","author":"Sicard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00450-2","article-title":"Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades","volume":"33","author":"Sicard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-022-09440-5","article-title":"Temporary reduction in VOCs associated with health risk during and after COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-024-00972-z","article-title":"Effect of geographical parameters on PM10 pollution in European landscapes: A machine learning algorithm-based analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sohrab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2023.101942","article-title":"Effects of land use patterns on PM10 concentrations in urban and suburban areas. A European scale analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sohrab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsase.2023.101011","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation of air pollutants and their relationship with land surface temperature in Bengaluru, India","volume":"32","author":"Suthar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-16088-2.00003-X","volume-title":"Health and environmental effects of ambient air pollution","author":"Thanvisitthpon","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B36","author":"Thomas","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-37378-0","article-title":"A new approach for high-resolution spatiotemporal analysis of air pollutants at neighbourhood level","volume":"33","author":"Unsal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B38","volume-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090706170747800_vgag151-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130988","article-title":"Linking urbanization and air quality together: A review and a perspective on the future sustainable urban development","volume":"346","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag151\/69157321\/vgag151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/9\/2674\/69157321\/vgag151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/45\/9\/2674\/69157321\/vgag151.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:17:18Z","timestamp":1788776238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/45\/9\/2674\/8736464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag151","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}