{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:32:12Z","timestamp":1793734332263,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P400PB_191045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P400PB_191045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSERC Discovery Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide that primarily exerts toxicity through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Additional mechanisms, including disruption of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis, remain poorly understood. We examined the effects of early-life CPF exposure in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), with emphasis on HPA axis-related endpoints and toxicity thresholds. In a range-finding pilot study, unincubated quail eggs were injected in the air cell with solvent control (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) or 20\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF, and hatching success was monitored. Based on these results, a definitive study was conducted with five treatment groups: DMSO, 0.1, 1, and 10\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF, and a corticosterone positive control (CORT; 0.12\u2009ng\/g). 40 eggs per group were incubated at 37.5\u2009\u00b0C until hatching. Chicks were assessed for physiological endpoints (survival, growth, plasma corticosterone levels) and behavioral endpoints (tonic immobility, neophobia, and novel environment exploration) until 8\u2009days post-hatch. Hatching success in the pilot and the definitive studies suggested an approximate LD50 between 10 and 20\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF. Sublethal effects included an increase in body weight of 9% per day at 0.1\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF compared to control, and reduced tonic immobility and activity at 1 and 10\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF, respectively. No other endpoints were affected up to the highest tested concentration of CPF or in response to the CORT positive control. Overall, we observed post-hatch effects at concentrations below those previously reported to affect pre-hatch growth (40\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF) and transcriptomic responses (4\u2009\u00b5g\/g CPF). Although our study showed little evidence for an effect of CPF on the HPA axis, our findings refine CPF toxicity thresholds and improve understanding of its mechanisms of action during early avian development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:15:58Z","timestamp":1785392158000},"page":"3324-3339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between early life exposure to chlorpyrifos and behavioral and physiological stress response in Japanese quail"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"B\u00e9ziers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver P","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor , Windsor, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor , Windsor, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-022-00137","article-title":"Phytochemical effects of genistein and daidzein on sex hormones and corticosterone in female adult rats exposed to chlorpyrifos","volume":"14","author":"Abdulretha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences"},{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01173.x","article-title":"Developmental stages of the Japanese quail","volume":"216","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.09.001","article-title":"Effects of acute and repeated oral exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on open-field activity in chicks","volume":"174","author":"Al-Badrany","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology Letters"},{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.34","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathways: A conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment","volume":"29","author":"Ankley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.12.012","article-title":"Corticosterone responses differ between lines of great tits (Parus major) selected for divergent personalities","volume":"175","author":"Baugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"General and Comparative Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B6","author":"Berger","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026110314194000100_vgag213-B7","unstructured":"Boulanger E., Farhat A., Jeon Y. 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