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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of weather-related factors on the presence of pharmaceuticals and illicit substances and assess the related environmental risk. To address this goal, three sites in the surroundings of the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain\u00a0were sampled in April (dry week) and November (wet week): Beto\u00f1o Pond in the Salburua Wetlands and Zadorra River before and after receiving the Crispijana wastewater treatment plant\u2019s (WWTP's) effluent. An environmental risk assessment was performed by measuring the hazard quotients for each compound, in addition to individual chemical enantiomers of amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. A total of 33 out of 102 substances were detected in at least one of the samples and a minimum of 6 APIs in all sample sites. Post\u2013WWTP\u00a0samples taken in autumn (wet week) presented the highest cumulative concentration (7,739\u2009ng L-1). Risk quotients of 12 APIs in the most contaminated site in the rainy weather sampling period reached values &amp;gt;1: Diclofenac (3.12) and eprosartan (1.59).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:55:06Z","timestamp":1791802506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined sewer overflows attributable to wet weather season contributing to pharmaceutical pollution: A\u00a0case study in Northern Spain"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Akhrimenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Sustainable Pharmacy and Biotherapy Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Bioaraba, Associated Clinicians , Vitoria-Gasteiz,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cerveny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice , Vodnany,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiana","family":"Gonzalez-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic One Health Research Center and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain , Santiago de Compostela,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Cuenca-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Sustainable Pharmacy and Biotherapy Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iker","family":"Ega\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMVISA (Aguas Municipales de Vitoria-Gasteiz, S.A.), Water Quality and Treatment Area Pje Las Antillas , Vitoria-Gasteiz,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2566-8133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Benito","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic One Health Research Center and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain , Santiago de Compostela,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Brodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unax","family":"Lertxundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Pharmacy Service, Araba Psychiatric Hospital , Vitoria-Gasteiz,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorka","family":"Orive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Sustainable Pharmacy and Biotherapy Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Bioaraba, Associated Clinicians , 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