{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:22:11Z","timestamp":1789395731875,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ecological relevance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) led the European Food Safety Authority to identify AMF as a potential group of non-target in-soil organisms to be included in environmental risk assessment (ERA) of plant protection products. Currently, no Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guidelines including AMF exist, and technical specification standard documents are limited to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Specification (TS) ISO\/TS 10832:2009 for pre-symbiotic phase testing and Association Fran\u00e7aise de Normalisation FDX31-205-2 for symbiotic phase testing. A new methodology was developed to assess the effects of contaminants on the AMF-plant symbiosis, and the method described in the ISO\/TS document was updated with new methodologies and test conditions. A ring test involving nine laboratories for symbiotic-phase experiments and six laboratories for pre-symbiotic-phase experiments was performed to assess the validity of these methods using Rhizophagus irregularis, artificial soil, and two fungicides (Azoxystrobin and Fluazinam). Allium ampeloprasum was the host plant used in the symbiotic phase tests. Endpoints estimated during the ring test were variable: 8-week EC10 for total colonization in the symbiotic phase varied from 0.1 to 5\u2009mg\/kg of soil for Azoxystrobin (coefficient of variation [CV]\u2009=\u2009123.5%) and 0.03\u20137.8\u2009mg\/kg for Fluazinam (CV = 185.9%); in the pre-symbiotic phase, 14-day EC10 for spore germination with Fluazinam was 0.6\u2009mg\/kg of soil and for Azoxystrobin 0.4 and 1.4\u2009mg\/kg of soil (CV = 78.6%). The outcome of the ring test suggests a potential sensitivity of AMF, but the high data variability and the fact that the validity criteria are frequently not met indicate that further development of the test system is needed. Nevertheless, comparisons between these data and data from published studies suggest that AMF may be more sensitive than other non-target soil organisms currently considered in European Union\u00a0ERA, particularly for Azoxystrobin. Consequently, current ERA procedures may not provide sufficient protection for AMF communities, but additional data are needed to confirm this assumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:47:07Z","timestamp":1786628827000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["International ring test on the effects of chemicals on the symbiotic and pre-symbiotic phases of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi\u2014potential for risk assessment of plant protection products"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0397-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CloverStrategy Lda, Instituto Pedro Nunes , Coimbra,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Carlos Iu\u00f1es","family":"Oliveira Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Catarina State University , Rio Grande do Sul,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanel","family":"Vahter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu , Tartu,","place":["Estonia"]},{"name":"University of Helsinki , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9983-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Kotschik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Environment Agency , Dessau-Ro\u00dflau,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Environment Agency , Dessau-Ro\u00dflau,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Purin da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Echeverr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra , Coimbra,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel G A","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope , Bern,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CloverStrategy Lda, Instituto Pedro Nunes , Coimbra,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9616-1567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline de Liz","family":"Ronsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Catarina State University , Rio Grande do Sul,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Alves dos Santos","family":"Peron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Catarina State University , Rio Grande do Sul,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Aderjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox GmbH , Ulm,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Birkhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox GmbH , Ulm,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Duffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox GmbH , Ulm,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox GmbH , Ulm,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kirschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox GmbH , Ulm,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioChem agrar GmbH , Machern,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioChem agrar GmbH , Machern,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Warning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioChem agrar GmbH , Machern,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Menke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer AG , Monheim am Rhein,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Volkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer AG , Monheim am Rhein,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Zumsande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer AG , Monheim am Rhein,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Reiermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Schmallenberg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Schlinkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Schmallenberg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Schlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Schmallenberg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Flickinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , Ludwigshafen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Royer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , Ludwigshafen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Bergtold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , Ludwigshafen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Scopel","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"BASF S.A , S\u00e3o Paulo,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Trialcamp , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Trialcamp , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Trialcamp , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Moora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu , Tartu,","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7733-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osmar","family":"Klauberg-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Catarina State University , Rio Grande do Sul,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra , Coimbra,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Natal-da-Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CloverStrategy Lda, Instituto Pedro Nunes , Coimbra,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B1","volume-title":"Normes nationales et documents normatifs nationaux","author":"Association Fran\u00e7aise de Normalization (AFNOR)","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1673","article-title":"Outcome of the Pesticides Peer Review Meeting on general recurring issues in ecotoxicology","volume":"16","author":"Arena","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00572-014-0610-7","article-title":"Do fungicides used to control Rhizoctonia solani impact the non-target arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis?","volume":"25","author":"Buysens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycorrhiza"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01721-y","article-title":"Biogeographic patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along a land-use intensification gradient in the subtropical Atlantic forest biome","volume":"82","author":"Ceola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbial Ecology"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137r","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.137r","article-title":"Conclusion regarding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance fluazinam","volume":"6","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","year":"2008","journal-title":"EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1542","article-title":"Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Azoxystrobin","volume":"8","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4690","article-title":"Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms","volume":"15","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B8","author":"Environment Canada","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B9","volume-title":"EU guidance document on terrestrial ecotoxicology (SANCO\/10329\/2002)","author":"European Commission (EC)","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B10","author":"European Union (EU)","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B11","author":"European Union (EU)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/s0007-1536(63)80079-0","article-title":"Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting","volume":"46","author":"Gerdemann","year":"1963","journal-title":"Transactions of the British Mycological Society"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00572-010-0333-3","article-title":"Agroecology: The key role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in ecosystem services","volume":"20","author":"Gianinazzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycorrhiza"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5220","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their response to pesticides","volume":"75","author":"Hage-Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pest Management Science"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B15","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B16","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B17","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B18","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Methods and principles of mycorrhizal research","author":"Kormanik","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2015.1133242","article-title":"An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111599","article-title":"Ecotoxicological test to assess effects of herbicides on spore germination of Rhizophagus clarus and Gigaspora albida","volume":"207","author":"Malfatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-018-1946-0","article-title":"Placing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the risk assessment test battery of plant protection products (PPPs)","volume":"27","author":"Mallmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00476.x","article-title":"A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular\u2013arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","volume":"115","author":"McGonigle","year":"1990","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B23","volume-title":"Quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o do mic\u00e9lio extrarradicular de fungos micorr\u00edzicos arbusculares em plantas c\u00edtricas","author":"Melloni","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-06831999000100007","article-title":"Quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o de mic\u00e9lio extrarradicular de fungos micorr\u00edzicos arbusculares em plantas c\u00edtricas e end\u00f3fitos: I. M\u00e9todo empregado","volume":"23","author":"Melloni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Ci\u00eancia Do Solo"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/d15101045","article-title":"The addition of a high concentration of phosphorus reduces the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in temperate agroecosystems","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-88959-7","volume-title":"Ecotoxicological characterization of waste","author":"Moser","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Natal-da-Luz","year":"2026","DOI":"10.60810\/openumwelt-7913"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B28","author":"National Center for Biotechnology Information","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B29","author":"National Center for Biotechnology Information","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264085275-en","volume-title":"Current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2016","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264076273-en"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.02.036","article-title":"QuEChERS\u2014Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends","volume":"1070","author":"Perestrelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(70)80110-3","article-title":"Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular\u2013arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection","volume":"55","author":"Phillips","year":"1970","journal-title":"Transactions of the British Mycological Society"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2478\/agri-2019-0001","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi\u2014Their life and function in ecosystem","volume":"65","author":"Piliarov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agriculture (Pol\u2019nohospod\u00e1rstvo)"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B35","author":"Posit Team","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedobi.2007.03.002","article-title":"The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal protein glomalin: Limitations, progress, and a new hypothesis for its function","volume":"51","author":"Purin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00572-025-01211-w","article-title":"Development of a high-throughput spore germination test to assess the toxicity of pesticides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","volume":"35","author":"Roshanfekrrad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycorrhiza"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Schlich","year":"2025","DOI":"10.60810\/openumwelt-7766"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2022.108652","article-title":"Landscapes, management practices and their interactions shape soil fungal diversity in arable fields\u2014Evidence from a nationwide farmers\u2019 network","volume":"168","author":"Vahter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026091410015172600_vgag225-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.12.5004-5007.1998","article-title":"Ink and vinegar, a simple staining technique for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi","volume":"64","author":"Vierheilig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag225\/70633304\/vgag225.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag225\/70633304\/vgag225.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:01:59Z","timestamp":1789394519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag225\/8760968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"article-number":"vgag225"}}