{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:15:37Z","timestamp":1790144137768,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Beryllium (Be) and Be compounds may be released into the aquatic environment. Under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System, soluble Be compounds are classified as Category 2 (moderate hazard) for aquatic chronic toxicity (H411), with no aquatic hazard classifications for insoluble Be forms. The scientific basis for these classifications, or lack thereof, is unclear, and a limited number of studies have assessed risks of Be and Be compounds in aquatic species. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a screening-level assessment of potential risks to aquatic species and determine classification, labeling, and packaging (CLP) intrinsic hazard classifications. Toxicity thresholds for aquatic species were reviewed and compared with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency hazard categories and Be concentrations in water. Toxicity data were then used to derive CLP classifications. We found that Be and its compounds ranged from \u201cpractically nontoxic\u201d to \u201cmoderately toxic,\u201d with toxicity thresholds orders of magnitude higher than Be concentrations in water bodies in the United States. Chronic toxicity classifications were derived, with insoluble Be metal and Be(OH)2 matching Categories 2 and 4 (low hazard), respectively, and soluble Be compounds matching Category 1 (high hazard; BeSO4\u2009\u00d7\u20094H2O), Category 2 (BeCl2 and BeNO3), and Category 3 (low to moderate hazard; Be(NO3)2). For acute toxicity, Be metal, BeCl2, BeNO3, and BeSO4\u2009\u00d7\u20094H2O matched Category 1, whereas Be(OH)2 and Be(NO3)2 were \u201cnot classifiable.\u201d Screening-level risk characterization, based on measured concentrations and toxicity thresholds, suggests that adverse effects on aquatic organisms are unlikely under the exposure conditions represented in available datasets. However, this conclusion is constrained by limited chronic data, low taxonomic diversity, reliance on legacy studies, and the absence of robust species sensitivity distributions and 5th percentile hazardous concentration derivations. Our results support Be form\u2013specific CLP classification and highlight data limitation impacts on the development and interpretation of benchmarks and criteria for the protection of aquatic life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgag232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:13:51Z","timestamp":1787670831000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological risk assessment of beryllium and beryllium compounds in aquatic species"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Andrey","family":"Massarsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec Consulting Services Inc. , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"de Gandiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SciTox , Huntington Beach, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec Consulting Ltd. , Burnaby, BC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa L","family":"Kreider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec Consulting Services Inc. , Pittsburgh, PA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory H","family":"Heldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materion Corporation , Elmore, OH,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092301571154400_vgag232-B1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for beryllium","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092301571154400_vgag232-B2","volume-title":"Australian and 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