{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T19:19:43Z","timestamp":1793819983892,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-00123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Million Veteran Program","award":["# MVP003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# MVP003"]}]},{"name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Million Veteran Program","award":["I01-BX003362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01-BX003362"]}]},{"name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Million Veteran Program","award":["IK2-CX001780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2-CX001780"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204623\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204623\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to use Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine the causality of the association between smoking and 14 different cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our primary genetic instrument comprised 361 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with smoking initiation (ever smoked regularly) at genome-wide significance. Data on the associations between the SNPs and 14 CVDs were obtained from the UK Biobank study (N\u2009=\u2009367\u2009643 individuals), CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium (N\u2009=\u2009184\u2009305 individuals), Atrial Fibrillation Consortium (2017 dataset; N\u2009=\u2009154\u2009432 individuals), and Million Veteran Program (MVP; N\u2009=\u2009190\u2009266 individuals). The main analyses were conducted using the random-effects inverse-variance weighted method and complemented with multivariable MR analyses and the weighted median and MR-Egger approaches. Genetic predisposition to smoking initiation was most strongly and consistently associated with higher odds of coronary artery disease, heart failure, abdominal aortic aneurysm, ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, peripheral arterial disease, and arterial hypertension. Genetic predisposition to smoking initiation was additionally associated with higher odds of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the UK Biobank but not with venous thromboembolism in the MVP. There was limited evidence of causal associations of smoking initiation with atrial fibrillation, aortic valve stenosis, thoracic aortic aneurysm, and intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This MR study supports a causal association between smoking and a broad range of CVDs, in particular, coronary artery disease, heart failure, abdominal aortic aneurysm, ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, peripheral arterial disease, and arterial hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T12:26:01Z","timestamp":1583497561000},"page":"3304-3310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Genetic predisposition to smoking in relation to 14 cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna C","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75185, Sweden"},{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 17177, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"B\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 17177, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm 14186, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4636-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek","family":"Klarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston VA Healthcare System , Boston, MA 02132-4927, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8009-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott M","family":"Damrauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Million Veteran Program","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Micha\u00eblsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75185, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5365-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK"},{"name":"MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB20SR, 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